Strategy (Military Science)

Operating two grand strategies at once requires nuance and tact, without which one or both may fail. In Australia's case, reinforcing the military agents of state power will require a sophisticated level of international engagement to sustain its position and deter aggression.

Karşıt kuvvet (OPFOR-Opposing Force), NATO'nun gelecekteki gerçek ve potansiyel bir çatışmada karşı karşıya kalabileceği çok çeşitli olası rakipleri temsil eden zorlu ve gerçekçi bir düşmana karşı eğitilmesine olanak tanıyan bir eğitim aracıdır. Konvansiyonel muharebenin yanı sıra gelişen uzay, siber, hibrit ve bilişsel alanları da kapsayan gerçekçi bir eğitim sağlar.

Le discussioni tra Stati Uniti e Gran Bretagna durante il 1943 sulle priorità strategiche nel teatro del Mediterraneo si svolsero nel più ampio contesto della strategia del tightening the ring, adottata da Londra fin dalle prime fasi della guerra, e di quella anglo-americana basata sul principio Europe First, concordata con Washington tra il 1941 e il 1942. A Casablanca, nel gennaio 1943, il Presidente statunitense, Franklin D. Roosevelt, e il Primo ministro britannico, Winston Churchill, stabilirono, dopo mesi di vive discussioni tra i rispettivi stati maggiori, di dare priorità all’invasione dell’Italia – il “ventre molle” dell’Asse – approvando l’operazione Husky e, dunque, lo sbarco in Sicilia. Si decise inoltre di posticipare l’attacco alla Francia attraverso la Manica e non si escluse l’opzione di una futura offensiva nei Balcani, che per Churchill era complementare alle operazioni in Italia. Pochi mesi dopo, in maggio, a Washington, i piani furono confermati nonostante il dibattito sull’opportunità di penetrare in Europa attraverso l’Italia peninsulare fosse ancora vivo. Una terza conferenza anglo-americana, quella di Québec, si tenne in agosto. Anche in quell’occasione, l’opzione balcanica, seppur considerata, non fu inserita nella lista delle priorità strategiche per volontà degli americani, determinati a proseguire le operazioni in Italia alla luce dei successi qui conseguiti e poi concentrarsi sulla Francia. Erano infatti i britannici, soprattutto lo stesso Churchill, a continuare a spingere per attaccare i Balcani. Secondo il Primo ministro, un’azione del genere avrebbe privato la Germania dell’accesso alle risorse strategiche per continuare lo sforzo bellico e costretto la Wehrmacht a disperdere le proprie forze. Inoltre, a suo parere, aprire l’accesso al Mar Nero – magari coinvolgendo la Turchia nelle ostilità – avrebbe soddisfatto la necessità di Stalin di alleggerire la pressione che l’URSS subiva sul fronte orientale. Infine, ma non meno importante, secondo Churchill contrattaccare nei Balcani avrebbe consentito all’Impero britannico di preservare il controllo delle rotte nel Mediterraneo orientale, respingendo la prospettiva di una minaccia diretta, anche successivamente alla fine del conflitto, a un’area cruciale per i traffici verso il Medio Oriente e l’Asia. Fu la conferenza tra i Tre Grandi di Teheran tenutasi tra novembre e dicembre 1943 a mettere da parte l’opzione balcanica. Le pressioni di Stalin per aprire il secondo fronte in Normandia ottennero il consenso di Roosevelt, a sua volta da lungo pressato dai suoi consiglieri militari, lasciando Churchill isolato e costringendolo a ripiegare nei Balcani sul supporto ai movimenti di resistenza locali e sulle operazioni speciali.

Author(s): David Petraeus, Andrew Roberts
Publisher: Harper, Year: 2023
ISBN: 0063293137,9780063293137

Description:
Two leading authorities--an acclaimed historian and the outstanding battlefield commander and strategist of our time--collaborate on a landmark examination of war since 1945. Conflict is both a sweeping history of the evolution of warfare up to Putin's invasion of the Ukraine, and a penetrating analysis of what we must learn from the past--and anticipate in the future--in order to navigate an increasingly perilous world.

In this deep and incisive study, General David Petraeus, who commanded the US-led coalitions in both Iraq, during the Surge, and Afghanistan and former CIA director, and the prize-winning historian Andrew Roberts, explore over 70 years of conflict, drawing significant lessons and insights from their fresh analysis of the past.Drawing on their different perspectives and areas of expertise, Petraeus and Roberts show how often critical mistakes have been repeated time and again, and the challenge, for statesmen and generals alike, of learning to adapt to various new weapon systems, theories and strategies. Among the conflicts examined are the Arab-Israeli wars, the Korean and Vietnam Wars, the two Gulf Wars, the Balkan wars in the former Yugoslavia, and both the Soviet and Coalition wars in Afghanistan, as well as guerilla conflicts in Africa and South America. Conflict culminates with a bracing look at Putin's disastrous invasion of Ukraine, yet another case study in the tragic results when leaders refuse to learn from history, and an assessment of the nature of future warfare. Filled with sharp insight and the wisdom of experience, Conflict is not only a critical assessment of our recent past, but also an essential primer of modern warfare that provides crucial knowledge for waging battle today as well as for understanding what the decades ahead will bring.

Purchase this bestseller and you won't regret it!
https://www.amazon.com/Conflict-Evolution-Warfare-1945-Ukraine/dp/0063293137

Together with the potential use of weapons of mass destruction during military operations, we cannot forget their potential utilisation by terrorist groups. As a consequence of the Prague Conference, a new military concept for defence against terrorism was agreed by NATO ...

Um PowerPoint que apresentei na Casa da Cultura a 24 de agosto de 2021, sobre redes em geral, sobre redes terroristas e, no que diz respeito a estas últimas, os riscos resultantes de ‘decapitações’ delas: a de criar metástases que as tornam muitos mais perigosas...

The present article focuses on fragment 3.8. of the Patria, devoted to a military library that was said to have been located in the Mangana district of Constantinople. The library was mentioned only in fragment 3.8. and by Michael Glykas. The use of the phrase μηχανικαὶ βίβλοι by Patria's author was not accidental, and the appearance of military jargon in a civilian text lends credence to the existence of a technical military library under the care of the state. The functioning of the library in Constantinople indicates that works on the theory of warfare played an important educational role. The location of the library clearly points to the utility of the book collection, meaning that, at least in part, military education was the responsibility of the state. What is more, the existence of a small specialized library may suggest that similar book collections existed in other parts of the city.

Desde há muito tempo, a legislação que temos que cumprir (sobre qualquer assunto, incluindo a metrologia) é conhecida através da publicação impressa diária das leis, decretos e outros documentos de caráter legislativo, estando atualmente até disponível na internet, para facilidade de acesso. Contudo, quando Portugal se afirmou como um estado independente e durante séculos, tal não acontecia. A imprensa ainda não era conhecida (pelo menos no mundo europeu) e as leis eram divulgadas de forma diferente. No mundo medieval, assente numa estrutura senhorial e feudal, havia regulamentação local, principalmente nos concelhos, e legislação de âmbito nacional, determinada pelo poder real. As formas de fazer chegar o conhecimento da lei a quem tinha que a aplicar, num mundo de iliteracia generalizada, baseavam-se no registo das leis a nível central/local e redação de cópias (traslados) para se distribuírem onde quer que fosse necessário/possível. Além do se guardarem as leis a nível central e local, em livros próprios, era necessário apregoá-las e lê-las com regularidade, para que ninguém pudesse argumentar o seu desconhecimento. A "publicação" de uma lei, ou seja, o ato de a tornar de conhecimento público tinha, nesta época, um significado muito diferente do que a imprensa veio, posteriormente, trazer.

Avrupa’da özellikle 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren merkezileşmeye başlayan istihbarat teşkilatları bilginin toplandığı yegâne merkezler olmuştur. Endüstri Devrimi ile hız kazanan hammadde ve pazar arayışının tetiklediği sömürgecilik dalgasıyla mütenasip bir biçimde modern istihbarat teşkilatları da merkezden çevreye doğru giderek genişlemiştir. 19. yüzyılda güneş batmayan imparatorluk olarak anılan Britanya da neredeyse yerküre ölçeğinde geniş bir satha yayılan istihbarat teşkilatı sayesinde devasa bir bilgi toplama merkezine dönüşmüştür. 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nden sonra dikkatini büyük oranda Rusya’ya çeviren Britanya için Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun askeri teşkilatlanması son derece stratejik bir mesele olarak sürekli takip edilmiştir. Bu makalede bir dönem İstanbul’daki İngiliz Sefareti’nde ataşemiliter olarak da görev yapan Herbert Charles Chermside’ın Aydın Konsolos Vekili iken hazırladığı Türk Ordusunun Teşkilatlanması Üzerine başlıklı raporu analiz ve teşrih edilecektir. Bahsi geçen rapor, 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi sonrası 1880-1881 yılları arasında, II. Abdülhamid devrinde (1876-1909) gerçekleştirilen ilk askeri yeniden yapılanmayı konu edinmektedir. Raporda üç kıtaya yayılan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun yedi ordu bölgesi, bu ordulardaki nizam ve redif birliklerinin kuvvet mevcudu, zorunlu askeri hizmet süreleri, askere alma/celp istasyon merkezleri, tablo ve istatistiklerle ortaya konulmakta ayrıca kısa subay biyografilerine yer verilmektedir. Rapordaki bilgiler, II. Abdülhamid devri Türk askeri tarihinin bütüncül bir perspektiften anlaşılması açısından kıymetli ipuçları ihtiva etmektedir.

This paper argues that the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has instrumentalised the Turkish army by conducting military operations in the run-up to elections. Although ending military tutelage has been interpreted in other countries as a sign of the professionalisation of the army, in Turkey it has done the opposite: the civilianisation discourse and civilian hegemony over military institutions have led to the instrumentalisation of the army. I demonstrate that the number of military operations significantly increased in the lead-up to elections, which strongly indicates the extent of instrumentalisation. Previous studies have primarily focused on the army's praetorian role, neglecting the instrumentalisation process in which the military is engaged. This paper analyses the operational aspect of the army and introduces the concept of instrumentalisation. I contend that the cessation of military tutelage in Turkey has resulted in the securitisation of both society and politics. The failed coup in 2016, the double elections of 2015, and the heightened interest in the defence sector during election periods provide strong grounds for examining the instrumentalisation hypothesis.

La invasión alemana a la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviética, iniciada el 22 de junio de 1941 y conocida como “Operación Barbarroja” no tiene comparación alguna dentro de la historia militar; la magnitud de fuerzas en pugna fue la mas grande de todos los tiempos. Este trabajo es un breve repaso sobre la genesis y conclusion de la Operacion Barbarroja.

The Multi-Level National Security Intelligence System (MNSI-System) is founded on the effectiveness of multi-level mega-data analysis frameworks, coupled with the utilization of multidimensional graphs as a potent analytical tool within artificial intelligence. This approach offers a holistic perspective in comprehending and addressing complex military and national security challenges. The primary impetus behind the development of the MNSI-System is to provide a novel artificial intelligence tool capable of efficiently assessing dynamic and intricate scenarios, including potential wars, conflicts, and border issues. This tool aims to evaluate diverse strategies in a comprehensive manner. Consequently, the MNSI-System endeavors to furnish armed forces, intelligence agencies, and governments with an alternative artificial intelligence approach.

The less fossil fuel reserves in the world, especially Indonesia and environmental problems in the global sector caused by oil and gas exploration and mining, then alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuels or better known as renewable energy need to be developed. The Renun Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) in North Sumatra has a water reservoir or so-called Regulating Pond with an area of ​​11.42 ha, the size of the Regulating Pond which is quite large is very appropriate if it is used for a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) because there is no land acquisition , and the Regulating Pond is more stable, there are no rising and falling contours. The solar panels used in floating solar panels on the regulating pound are 20,441 Polycristaline solar panels, 300 Wp power type Blue Sun Solar Energi BSM270-300P-60 (300W), the power generated is 6,123,300 Wp (6,123.3 kWp) or 6, 12 MWp. The batteries in PLTS consist of 275 series and 3.5 parallel and the total battery required is 1,100 JYC Bat...

An introductory overview of the parasitic-vampiric negative aliens' agenda and strategies with respect to the 'unconsciousness enslavement' of humanity and siphoning of our precious divine energies via their mind control software programming through the advent of holographic inserts and backed up by their other nefarious technologies, is presented. The exact details as to how their technologies is set up and functions, together with the nature of their various holographic inserts, frequency fences, tagging system, as well as the use of energetic parasitic genetic implants they have contaminated us with are the subjects of discourse and are covered in a multitude of companion papers. On the other hand, this discourse lays a foundation as to the nature of their nefarious agendas and strategies regarding our unconsciousness imprisonment and enslavement via contaminating our divine conscious reality by subjecting us to their false-phantom timelines of reality. This paper actually constitutes a partial manuscript as a part of a rather lengthy paper entitled as "Negative Aliens and their Nefarious Agendas and Strategies: A General Overview." Thus for a much more detailed treatment of the subject area and discourse, the reader is referred to the aforementioned manuscript.

Desde los inicios de la ingeniería militar, sus profesionales estuvieron íntimamente ligados a disciplinas tan dispares como la artillería, la infantería e incluso la arquitectura. No se producirá hasta mucho después la delimitación de su actividad, y aún así no faltarán ejemplos de ingenieros ilustrados que dominen y actúen en más de un campo. Encargados de la defensa del territorio nacional como función primordial, fueron asumiendo además, obligados por el agravamiento de las tensiones en algunas zonas estratégicas, un gran número de tareas cuya vinculación con su cometido profesional no esta muy claro. Así la creación de fortificación y la remodelación de las ya existentes, el desarrollo de canales y caminos, los levantamientos cartográficos, la ejecución de proyectos arquitectónicos y urbanísticos y un largo etc, fueron cometidos comunes a su oficio. En mayor o menor medida, y cada uno según su capacidad, actuaron en uno o varios de estos campos.

The Indo-Pacific idea was conceived in 2006-07 due to the growing realization that the security of the Western Pacific littoral states was becoming closely intertwined with the developments in the Indian Ocean Region. There is hardly a comparable concept in history like the Indo-Pacific, which has become so central to the global geopolitical discourse in a short span of less than two decades. This paper traces the evolution of the Indo-Pacific concept since its origin to understand its transformative journey to the present day.

The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (hereafter mentioned as Quad) is the brainchild of ex-Japanese Prime Minister and statesman Shinzo Abe whose acute diplomatic foresight was par-excellence. As early as in mid 2000s, he had envisioned the Quad as a cumulative gathering of the four most prominent powers of the region- India, Australia, USA and Japan, to facilitate the growth and prosperity of the entire region. China’s insatiable territorial ambitions and its tendency of bullying the smaller countries into submission, its overarching Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) had a key role in precipitating the realization of the platform. Quad’s manifestation is underpinned by the cherished objectives of aiding the regional powers in meeting their developmental and humanitarian needs, in an atmosphere free from any animosity and undue interference in their internal affairs. It further seeks to create a healthy atmosphere in the Indo-Pacific so that all the countries can flourish together and w...

In the article, differences between Chinese and classical Western concepts of defining and calculating comprehensive national power were analysed. The definition and particularities of soft and hard power were outlined. Criticism of a Chinese model of comprehensive national power by Indian scientists was highlighted. By calculating comprehensive national power, an index of Ukraine's position among strategic partners of PRC was outlined. The model of possible further development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation of Ukraine with PRC and other economic and geopolitical leaders was provided. JEL Classification System: F60, F140, F52

This paper was presented to the 2023 conference on 'Modernization' of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) in Pingan, Fujian Province. It deals with the political economy of war, focussing on World War II.

The paper itself is incomplete. I have uploaded it at this point so readers can see where it is going.

The paper is accompanied by a link to a slideshow which is complete, and which the paper will elaborate when complete.

The paper will be updated to the final version in due course.