Spatio Temporal Analysis

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus is a small DNA virus that belongs to Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic liver disease and chronic infection and put people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. More than 400 million people have chronic (long-term) liver infections. About a million people die every year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B. High rates of chronic infections are found in the Amazon and the southern parts of eastern and central Europe. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general population is chronically infected. Not many community based studies are available from our country and none from the state of Jammu and Kashmir. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Hepatitis-B among adult population in South Kashmir. METHODS: This community based, cross...

Los eventos delictivos tienen dinámicas que difieren de acuerdo con
el tipo de delito y la población afectada. También las condiciones
extraordinarias impuestas por la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 y las
medidas de distanciamiento social que rigieron para contener el avance
de la pandemia afectaron esas dinámicas de los eventos delictivos.

Discovering and tracking of spatiotemporal patterns in noisy sequences of events are difficult tasks that have become increasingly pertinent due to recent advances in ubiquitous computing, such as community-based social networking applications. The core activities for applications of this class include the sharing and notification of events, and the importance and usefulness of these functionalities increase as event sharing expands into larger areas of one's life. Ironically, instead of being helpful, an excessive number of event notifications can quickly render the functionality of event sharing to be obtrusive. Indeed, any notification of events that provides redundant information to the application/user can be seen to be an unnecessary distraction. In this paper, we introduce a new scheme for discovering and tracking noisy spatiotemporal event patterns, with the purpose of suppressing reoccurring patterns, while discerning novel events. Our scheme is based on maintaining a c...

Research on spatial mental representations focuses on individual mental maps and spatial knowledge. This exploratory study investigates instead collective interactions, collaborative memory, and the sharing of spatial knowledge. Based on the principle of collaborative inhibition (i.e., people recall information less effectively in groups), we posed the following research question: How do collective interactions, occurring during environmental exploration and group drawing sessions, affect collaborative inhibition, and the quality of sketch maps designed collectively? We conducted in situ explorations in Plaine St-Denis (France) with real- time tracking, followed by individual and group drawing sessions. This experiment involved 118 participants divided into three groups: (1) solo explorations without devices; (2) solo explorations with a mobile mapping application; (3) collective explorations using the same application enhanced with interaction features (viewing collective routes and photos of visited places). The comparison of the total number of entities found on individual mental maps with those included in collective sketch maps reveals that collaborative inhibition applies to spatial memory. Additional findings indicate that the use of a map, combined with collective interactions, mitigates collaborative inhibition and increases the accuracy of the sketch maps. However, the effect of such interactions on group dynamics remains unclear as of now.

The tropical climate of Thailand encourages very high mosquito densities in certain areas and is ideal for dengue transmission, especially in the southern region where the province Nakhon Si Thammarat is located. It has the longest dengue fever transmission duration that is affected by some important climate predictors, such as rainfall, number of rainy days, temperature and humidity. We aimed to explore the relationship between weather variables and dengue and to analyse transmission hotspots and coldspots at the district-level. Poisson probability distribution of the generalized linear model (GLM) was used to examine the association between the monthly weather variable data and the reported number of dengue cases from January 2002 to December 2018 and geographic information system (GIS) for dengue hotspot analysis. Results showed a significant association between the environmental variables and dengue incidence when comparing the seasons. Temperature, sea-level pressure and wind s...

Strong geographical variations have been noted in the twinning rate (TWR). In general, the rate is high among people of African origin, intermediate among Europeans, and low among most Asiatic populations. In Europe, there tends to be a south–north cline, with a progressive increase in the TWR from south to north and a minimum around the Basque provinces. The highest TWRs in Europe have been found among the Nordic populations. Furthermore, within larger populations, small isolated subpopulations have been identified to have extreme, mainly high, TWRs. In the study of the temporal variation of the TWR in Norway, we consider the period from 1900 to 2014. The regional variation of the TWR in Norway is analyzed for the different counties for two periods, 1916–1926 and 1960–1988. Heterogeneity between the regional TWRs in Norway during 1916–1926 was found, but the goodness of fit for the alternative spatial models was only slight. The optimal regression model for the TWR in Norway has th...

Fueling outbreaks The B.1.1.7 lineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused fast-spreading outbreaks globally. Intrinsically, this variant has greater transmissibility than its predecessors, but this capacity has been amplified in some circumstances to tragic effect by a combination of human behavior and local immunity. What are the extrinsic factors that help or hinder the rapid dissemination of variants? Kraemer et al . explored the invasion dynamics of B.1.1.7. in fine detail, from its location of origin in Kent, UK, to its heterogenous spread around the country. A combination of mobile phone and virus data including more than 17,000 genomes shows how distinct phases of dispersal were related to intensity of mobility and the timing of lockdowns. As the local outbreaks grew, importation from the London source area became less important. Had B.1.1.7. emerged at a slightly different time of year, its impact might have been different. —CA

В ходе анализа предлагается возможность закрепления за пятью 12-летиями 60-летнего китайского цикла функций, а также их онтологическое обоснование. Автором предлагается метод онтологического моделирования, в рамках которого наиболее общие структурные схемы как современные, так и древние приобретают статус схем функциональных. 60-летний цикл открывает стадия (период), на которой формируется некая новая общность, и закрывает стадия, на которой утверждается новая политическая реальность. Центральный «треугольник» этой модели составляют: стадия выявления противоречий, стадия кризиса, прорыва в новое пространство и формирования ценностей, стадия снятия противоречий. Автор анализирует наиболее известные пятиэлементные модели древности и современности, проясняющие онтологическую структуру этого цикла и функции, реализуемые каждым из 12-летних периодов. Апробация полученной универсальной модели развития осуществляется на материале четырёх 60-летних циклов российской, а также мировой истории. Анализ показал, что некоторые тенденции регулярно повторяются в российской истории, некоторые тенденции более значимы для западных стран. Полученный результат свидетельствует о том, что все перечисленные 5-элементные модели, включая мифологические, занимают полноправное место в современной научной парадигме.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by Varicella zoster, which affects nearly all non-immune children worldwide with an annual incidence estimated at 80-90 million cases. To analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of the chickenpox incidence in the city of Valencia, Spain two complementary statistical approaches were used. First, we evaluated the existence of clusters and spatio-temporal interaction; secondly, we used this information to find the locations of the spatio-temporal clusters via the space-time permutation model. The first method used detects any aggregation in our data but does not provide the spatial and temporal information. The second method gives the locations, areas and time-frame for the spatio-temporal clusters. An overall decreasing time trend, a pronounced 12-monthly periodicity and two complementary periods were observed. Several areas with high incidence, surrounding the center of the city were identified. The existence of aggregation in time...

Few studies have examined the association between ambient temperature and cognitive function, or used exposure to temperature at a given address instead of a single stationary monitor. The existing literature on the temperature-cognition relationship has mostly consisted of experimental studies that involve a small sample size and a few specific temperature values. In the current study, we examined the association between residential air temperature and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, a quantitative measurement of cognitive function, in a longitudinal cohort of elderly men. Residential air temperature was estimated by a novel spatiotemporal approach that incorporates satellite remote sensing, land use regression, meteorological variables and spatial smoothing in the Northeastern USA. We then applied logistic regression generalized estimating equations to examine the relationship between residential temperature (range: -5.8-25.7°C), and the risk of low MMSE scores (MMSE ...

In animals and birds, gut health is crucial for overall health, better feed efficiency, and production performance. In livestock species, the gut microbiota is essential and plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health. During the last decade, the advances in next-generation sequencing technologies resulted in rapid identification and analysis of gut microbiota composition in animals and birds. These technologies helped identify even non-culturable microorganisms also. The healthy gut microbiota is known to improve the production performance of chicken by reducing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, several researchers identified diverse microbial populations in the gut of chickens raised in contact with adult hens and commercial chickens. The differences in the identification strategies of microbiota and many host and environmental factors might contribute to the diversity in chicken gut microbial composition. Early acquisition of microbiota in chicken is known to stimulate the gut immune system's development, imparting resistance to enteric diseases like Clostridium perfringes induced necrotic enteritis in chickens. Although Lactobacilli sps. and Bifidobacterium sps. are predominant gut microbiota species, several hundreds of beneficial microbiota have been identified. These newly identified bacterial species could be tested as probiotics either singly or in combination for improving the overall gut health of chickens, thereby increasing the production performance in commercial chicken.

Objetivo Establecer una nueva metodología predictiva de la proporción de dengue grave respecto al total anual de infectados de dengue por departamento con base en la teoría de la probabilidad.Métodos Con base en los datos anuales de número de infectados por departamentos en el periodo 2005 -2010, se calculó la proporción entre casos de dengue grave respecto al total para cada año, y se construyeron espacios de probabilidad que evalúan estos eventos en rangos de 0,5 y 0,3. Se determinaron conjuntos de rangos y se calculó probabilidad, desviación media cuadrática y la diferencia entre ellas. Se realizó una predicción del rango de infectados para el 2011 con el promedio aritmético de los valores de los últimos dos años.Resultados Se predijo correctamente el rango en el que se encuentra incluida la proporción de número de infectados de dengue grave sobre el total en cada departamento con una efectividad del 93,3% para el rango de 0,5 y de 86,7% para el de 0,3.Conclusión Se evidenció una...

Since 1962, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been implicated in multiple outbreaks and sporadic cases of respiratory infection worldwide, but especially in the USA and Europe with an increasing frequency between 2010 and 2014. We describe the detection, associated clinical features and molecular characterization of EV-D68 in central and southern Viet Nam between 2009 and 2015. Enterovirus/rhinovirus PCR positive respiratory or CSF samples taken from children and adults with respiratory/central nervous system infections in Viet Nam were tested by an EV-D68 specific PCR. The included samples were derived from 3 different observational studies conducted at referral hospitals across central and southern Viet Nam between 2009 and 2015. Whole-genome sequencing was carried out using a MiSeq based approach. Phylogenetic reconstruction and estimation of evolutionary rate and recombination were carried out in BEAST and Recombination Detection Program, respectively. EV-D68 was detected in 21/625 (...

This study used data from www.walkscore.com to assess walking behavior in four U.S. cities. Walk scores measuring the so-called walkability of neighborhoods are ubiquitous, and although the relationship between walk scores and real estate values has been established, the relationship between walk scores and walking has not. In this research three models were developed to understand the correlation between walk scores (as indicators of walkability; i.e., opportunity to walk) and walking. The models looked at walk scores and walk mode share for different trip types. What changes should be expected with changing walk scores along different parts of the walk score spectrum are illustrated. Results suggest that walk scores may be used as a reasonable heuristic to assist with assessing trip impacts for individual projects. With the universal availability of such data, planners can establish a consistent, cost-effective tool for assessing walking behavior with robust and transferable results.

Back ground Biodiversity is the basic units and measures of the health of ecosystems that provide diverse goods and services for the well-being of human societies and other life forms. However, in this era due to the threats from climatic change and other human-driven environmental changes the earth’s biodiversity is in a grave danger in the world wide. Here, we explored and mapped how the patterns of plant taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity and structures vary across the geographical regions and with respect to climatic factors in Ethiopia and Eritrea in the horn of Africa by using different analyzing methods and diversity measuring indices for the same reasons. Results Our analysis showed varied spatial distribution patterns of plant diversity across the region and with the gradients of climatic factors. While the central and southern highland parts of Ethiopia were found to be the primary centres of taxonomic diversity, the centres with higher evolutionary diversity were...

The field of evolutionary ecology has long been interested in the design and diversity of social learning heuristics, simple strategies that animals use to extract useful information from their social environment. This chapter reviews a slice of this literature, as well as explicitly analyze the evolution of social learning heuristics. The chapter outlines a family of social learning heuristics and analyze their evolutionary performance under two broadly different kinds of environmental variation. As each social learning heuristic also shapes a social environment as individuals use it, the chapter considers the population feedbacks of each heuristic as well. The analyses in this chapter are both ecological and game theoretic. This chapter's analyses are also explicitly evolutionary—heuristics succeed or fail depending upon long-term survival and reproduction in a population, not atomistic one-shot payoffs. As a result, some of the conclusions reflect an evolutionary rationality....

A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença neurológica degenerativa, caracterizada como desmielinizante e inflamatória. Muitos estudos vêm demonstrando relações entre internações por EM e poluentes presentes na atmosfera, devido ao fato que estes podem aumentar a resposta inflamatória e desencadear surtos nos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a influência do dióxido de enxofre (SO<sub>2</sub>) presente na atmosfera, nas internações por esclerose múltipla na cidade de São Paulo. Para realização deste trabalho foram obtidos dados mensais da temperatura do ar (mínima e máxima) e umidade relativa, da rede INMET e a concentração de SO<sub>2</sub> pela CETESB. As internações mensais foram obtidas pelo departamento de informática do sistema único de saúde (DATASUS). O período de estudo compreende janeiro de 2008 a março de 2016. Os modelos de regressão linear múltipla obtidos indicaram relação positiva (p <0,001) do número de internações com o aument...

Rapid urbanisation in every part of the world leading to a shift in climate, Ranchi is no exception after formation as capital city of the state. A huge influx of urban population can be observed, according to 2011 census 45 % population in Ranchi under urban category which was just 29% in 2001 census.