Roman Law

Roma cumhuriyet döneminde önder vasfını taşıyan vatandaş
anlamında kullanılan Princeps kavramı Roma devletinde cumhuriyet
fiilen sona erdiği halde devletin adına ve kurum adlarında ve hatta
senatonun varlığını sürdürmesiyle resmi anlamda varlığını sürdürürken
de kullanılmaya devam etmiş ve zamanla, özellikle Orta Çağ’ın sonlarında
bu kelime prens/hükümdar kelimesinin esasını teşkil eder hale gelerek
ilk başta kast edilen anlamının neredeyse tersi anlamda, sınırsız
iktidar sahibi otokratları ifade etmek için kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Bir
sözcükteki anlam değişmesinin sadece semantik bir kayma olmayıp
o söz konusu asırlar zarfında anayasal ve siyasal pek çok dönüşümün
yaşandığı çağlarda gerçekleşmiş olan zihniyet kaymasının izlerini
taşıyarak Avrupa’yla sınırlı bu paradigmatik dönüşümün ipuçlarını
verdiğini kabul ederek söz konusu değişimi hermenötik bir yaklaşımla
incelemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı Roma’nın cumhuriyetinin
son yıllarından başlayıp Avrupa’daki aydınlanma çağının başlarına,
Cicero’dan Machiavelli’ye uzanan dek bu süreci sadece anlamsal
dönüşümü itibarıyla incelemekle yetinmek değil, söz konusu süreçte
gerçekleşmiş olan paradigmatik farklılıkları hermenötik yöntemle ele
alarak anayasal ve siyasi bir analiz yapmaktır.

This article seeks to show the importance of Cicero for Kant by pointing out the systematic relationship between their respective views on ethics and law. Cicero was important to Kant because Cicero had already elaborated an imperative, "quasijural" conception of duty or obligation. Cicero had also already prefigured the distinction between ethical duties and duties of justice. The article does not establish any direct historical influence, but points out interesting systematic overlaps. The most important in the realm of ethics are a universal rationalism; a rule-based normative framework of duty; and skepticism about (Cicero), or rejection of (Kant), eudaimonism. In the realm of political theory, it is the centrality of law and of property that unites both thinkers; both reject voluntarism in thinking that consensus flows from the right external laws, not the other way around, and thus creates a juridical community; and lastly, both Cicero and Kant believe that transparence, or publicity, is a key ideal that might be presupposed by both the ethical and the juridical domain. The article thus shows that both Cicero and Kant separate ethics from law, but there are indications that neither has given up the aspiration to bridge the two realms on a higher plane. This reading of Kant yields both a more Ciceronian Kant and allows us to perceive Kantian aspects of Cicero.

The research examines several papyri bearing deeds or contracts dating back, for the most part, to the 2nd century d. C. The investigation represents the continuation, not only temporal, but also conceptual, of a previous one dedicated to the procedural aspects emerging from the Yadin papyri. In that seat, in fact, the application of the Roman process had been recognized, both in the ordinary form and in the extra ordinem form, in order to hypothesize the presence of legislation, increasingly stable and tendentially unifying between East and West, which would have foreseen Roman rules suitably adapted to the various contexts. This second study reveals the use of typical Roman negotiating models even in these extreme Hellenized provinces. From the analysis of the documentation, therefore, it was deduced that acts under Hellenistic or Jewish law, however compatible with the same Roman legal system, present clauses defined, within the investigation, as connecting clauses, since they perform the function of conveying the content of the deed within Roman schemes, such as the stipulatio or the obligatio litteris contracta. Their generic structure, in fact, could adapt to the most diverse negotia which, in this way, were protected with the related actions. It was a simple mechanism which, nevertheless, would have allowed the expansion of Roman law also in these territories, so much so that the stipulation over time would have become synonymous with 'contract'.
Looking more closely at this complex legal phenomenon, it was possible to trace a line of development inherent in the function of writing. Thus, in Hadrian's time, if for the stipulatio it is valid ad probationem, for paper bonds, the document also has a constitutive effect and, in some cases, a disposition, favoring the circulation of credit. The internal distinction is not always easy, since it takes place entirely on the level of interpretation of the clauses and evidence. The framework that thus emerges is characterized by a syncretism that involves all aspects of life, religious, social, linguistic, but which finds its ultimate connection in the norms and models established by the scientia iuris on the one hand and by the imperium principis for another.

Dzięki uprzejmości s. Teresy Kunderewicz CR do Katedry Prawa Rzymskiego Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego trafiła część spuścizny Profesora Cezarego Kunderewicza (1912-1990). Profesor był kierownikiem Katedry Prawa Rzymskiego Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego od 1961 r. do odejścia na emeryturę w roku 1982. Dotychczasowe publikacje na temat tego znakomitego polskiego papirologa, znawcy praw klinowych, historyka antyku i romanisty prawniczego koncentrowały się przede wszystkim na zaprezentowaniu Jego dorobku oraz osiągnięć naukowych. Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia Profesora jako uczonego obdarzonego talentem do popularyzowania nauki. To niezwykłe, że w niesprzyjających okolicznościach, niejako wbrew przeciwnościom losu, Profesorowi udawało się tworzyć tak mądrze i lekko napisane, niebanalne i unikatowe w swym temacie prace popularnonaukowe. Ponieważ są one dziś praktycznie niedostępne, artykuł przedstawia je nieco bliżej.

Ireneusz Jakubowski łączył w życiu zawodowym dwie pasje: prawo i muzykę. Był pasjonatem historii Polski, mnóstwo czytał i bardzo dużo wiedział. Jako prawnik koncentrował się na historii prawa rzymskiego oraz poglądach na prawo i jego nauczanie w Polsce. Jako solista na wielu scenach w kraju i za granicą śpiewał największe partie tenorowe w światowej literaturze muzycznej.

A peça O Mercador de Veneza (1596- 7), de William Shakespeare é uma obra cercada de polêmica – principalmente por refletir abertamente o sentimento antijudaico que atravessava de forma pervasiva o ambiente cultural em que Shakespeare viveu e produziu seu trabalho como homem de teatro integral. Opta-se por uma leitura que privilegie a linguagem e forma do texto shakespeariano, em vez de uma interpretação alegórica ou por demais realista ou literalista da peça.

Правосудството е област која во центарот ги има едни од најфундаменталните вредности, како правда и правичност... Одлучува за едни од најважните човекови права и слободи, задира во делови од човековото живеење кои што се суштински...Затоа и повеќе од потребно е да се потенцира важноста од етичкото однесување на сите лица инволвирани во практикување на правото. Американската правна професија, се вели доживува драстичен брз развој. Според статистиките, бројот на денешните правници во САД, никогаш не бил поголем . Во 1950 тите бројот на адвокати и судии бил околу 176.000,во 1970-260.000, во 1987 година-707.000... Но ваквото зголемување во правната фела не е само процентуално. Присуството на правниците е се поекспонирано и во јавноста, медиумите...Со тоа само се зголемува притисокот и за нивната правна етика. Но ставот е се позаеднички: Правниците би требало да имаат подобра етика. Од наративните правила, преку ABA’s Canons 1908, Преку Model Code of Professional Responibility, до The Mo...

Historiographical studies on the Italian South have devoted little attention to the issues of the government of bishops and its instruments. This shortcoming has generated a negative prejudice against the bishops and their dioceses. This work intends to question that prejudice, in particular addressing the opinion of Robert Brentano. We will examine the innovative elements that emerged from the study of unpublished and little-known sources. The aim is to offer a more accurate description of the government practises attested to in the South.