Philosophy Of Religion

Kahlil Gibran is one of the most important writers of modern Arabic literature and one of the most successful poets of English in the twentieth century. He is undoubtedly a pioneer among Arab poets and novelists writing in English and the most important figure in the Émigré literary movement. His world-wide popularity is due in large part to his universal spiritual message of love and compassion. This study, focusing on both his Arabic and English works, seeks to explore the various contextual aspects that affect all of Gibran’s works since his birth in Mount Lebanon.  It also presents a critical overview of all his works for readers and critics that seek a deeper appreciation and a more comprehensive understanding of this literary genius. The study highlights the spiritual element which serves as the link that unifies his Arabic and English works and propels them to enduring literary and popular success across cultures. Keywords: Kahlil Gibran, Āmigré Literature, Diaspora Writers, ...

There have been numerous dedicated studies on the life and works of Kahlil Gibran (1883-1931) which is understandable due to his stature and popularity in Arabic and American literatures. Nonetheless, it has been argued that the literary establishment has not given Gibran his due credit, especially in the United States, since Gibran has attained global recognition, been translated into tens of languages and sold more volumes than all other poets of America, including Walt Whitman and T.S. Eliot. This review seeks to present an overview of the studies about Gibran and highlight, when possible, the input of these studies on the spiritual aspects in his creative writings. These studies about Gibran and his works have been written in various languages, but the focus here will be on the studies published in English and Arabic, originally or in translation.

As conflicts flare around the world, images of refugees have become a familiar presence in Western media. Drawing on existing accounts of visual influence, this analysis explores how (un)sympathetic refugee portrayals in news accounts affect distant viewers’ compassion responses and refugee policy attitudes. The study reports the results of three survey experiments, in Sweden, the United States, and the UK, involving 25 unique images and over 4,500 combined respondents. Building on previous work on Moral Foundations Theory, we find the manifest vulnerability of depicted refugees to be an important influence on how visual portrayals evoke sympathy and impact conservatives’ (but not liberals’) compassion responses. Once activated, compassion is found to mediate the effect of refugee portrayals on right-wing support for refugee aid.

Disertasi yang bertajuk Falsafah Pendidikan Menurut Ibn Khaldūn dan John Dewey : Kajian Perbandingan difokuskan kepada konsep, matlamat dan kaedah-kaedah pendidikan yang telah digunakan oleh mereka dalam usaha untuk memacu dan melangsungkan aktiviti pendidikan menurut perspektif dan pemikiran masing-masing. Ia menghalusi pemikiran pendidikan kedua tokoh ini dalam lapangan pendidikan dan melihat sejauh mana persamaan dan perbezaan antara pemikiran pendidikan oleh Ibn Khaldūn yang mewakili dunia Islam dan John Dewey yang mewakili dunia Barat. Kajian ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi untuk mengumpulkan data manakala metode induktif, metode deduktif dan komperatif digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Secara keseluruhannya, disertasi ini mengandungi lima bab utama yang didahului dengan bab pendahuluan. Bab kedua menjelaskan tentang biodata kedua tokoh serta beberapa aspek pemikiran mereka dalam pelbagai bidang. Bab ketiga pula menghuraikan pemikiran pendidikan Ibn Khaldūn yang menjurus ke...

This article tries to address the following questions related to NOMA (Non Overlapping MAgisteria): Is the appeal to theological reasons, such as divine causation, acceptable in scientific explanations, and what does it yield? If there is no causal joint between God and the natural world, is divine causation unnecessary and irrelevant in scientific explanations? Finally, what is the nature of the explanations proposed by Theology? To answer these questions and clarify the meaning of theological explanation, this paper will first present different approaches to explanation in Science and Theology (1). It will then explore the areas where science is receptive to and incorporates theological explanations (2). The paper will conclude with the examination of whether this integration is merely an 'addition' or an essential element that overthrows the naturalistic perspective (3).

20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle yeni medya olarak adlandırılan yeni iletişim araçları ve ortamları ortaya çıkmıştır. Dijital teknolojiyi kullanan bu yeni medyalar; internet siteleri, sosyal ağlar/medyalar, bloglar/mikro bloglar, forumlar, içerik toplulukları, podcastler, wikiler vb. farklı elektronik iletişim biçimlerinden oluşmaktadır. Modern yaşama paralel olarak gelişen ve çağımızda hayatın her alanında kendini gittikçe daha çok hissettiren bu yeni nesil iletişim teknolojileri sadece dil ve iletişim biçimlerini değil aynı zamanda edebi metinleri de dönüşüme uğratmıştır. Bir başka ifadeyle yeni medya ortamlarının ve araçlarının sunduğu yeni kodlar ve olanaklar edebi metinlerin konusunu, anlatım biçimlerini ve anlatım yapılarını değiştirmiştir. Çalışmanın konusunu, 2009 yılında yayımladığı ve eserinde kullandığı yeni medya temasıyla ağlar toplumunun edebi bir portresini çizen çağdaş Alman edebiyatının genç yazarlarından Daniel Kehlmann’ın Ruhm- Ein Roman in neun Geschichten (Sesler: Dokuz Öykülü Bir Roman) adlı postmodern romanının medyalararasılık kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Romanın adından da anlaşılacağı gibi Daniel Kehlmann’ın yapıtı birbirine bağlı ancak temelde ayrı olan toplam dokuz öyküden oluşmaktadır. Söz konusu eserde iletişimin cep telefonları, bilgisayarlar ve internet aracılığıyla gerçekleştiği bir dünyada sanal ve gerçeğin sınırlarının giderek bulanıklaştığı, modern insanın teknolojinin kölesi hâline geldiğini ve bu durumun bireylerin yaşantısı üzerindeki derin etkisi konu edinilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı Daniel Kehlmann’ın eserinde yeni medya ve edebiyat ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, Avusturyalı/Alman yazar Daniel Kehlmann’ın yeni medya ve edebiyatı kaynaştırdığı yapıtından hareketle yeni medya ve edebiyat ilişkisine değinilecek, yeni medyadan edebiyata yapılan konusal/içeriksel aktarım ile teknoloji kaynaklı dil değişiminin izleri sürülecektir. Çalışmayla yeni medya ve edebiyat/dil ilişkisine, dolayısıyla medyalararasılık düşüncesinin gelişimine ve yaygınlaşmasına bir katkı sunulmaya çalışılacaktır.

This article relates Giorgio Agamben's interpretation of the oath to one Anabaptist critique of oath swearing, namely the one found in the final article of the 1527 Schleitheim Confession. How might Agamben's philosophical interpretation shed light on Schleitheim's instruction to refuse oath swearing? And where might Schleitheim's formulation challenge Agamben's argument? Reading Schleitheim in light of Agamben's formulation, we come to see how the confession's refusal of oath swearing can be read as a critique of sovereignty and a re-envisioning of certitude and trust in a community without such enforced guarantees. This means oath refusal is far from an afterthought to more central Anabaptist concerns. Indeed, oath refusal can be seen as integral to, perhaps even exemplary of, the attempt to build a community under a sovereignty of a radically different kind.

Early writing has been extensively studied over the past twenty years, including in a series of comparative volumes that cover the emergence and decline of pristine and secondary script systems. The rise of phonetic scripts fell into the formation of elite culture that constituted the core of archaic states, but it developed along distinct lines in each world region. Research has long focused on the ways in which pictorial signs have acquired phonetic properties and how translations and interpretation of early inscriptions can be improved. Recent studies are placing greater emphasis on material contexts of writing and the embedding of writing in wider practices across society. Building on this agenda, the proposed workshop explores the interface of phonetic scripts, visual trajectories, and material practices using seals a key medium for the development of writing in early complex societies.
Seals are cross-culturally embedded in social developments that form one major background to early writing. Sealing is a marking practice like early writing in many places. Seals are one major medium of visual traditions that existed before and alongside early writing. Allowing for the repeated delivery of miniaturized visual forms on a surface, they play a role in the standardization of visual forms and their dissemination across a community of users and in a society in which such visual forms can otherwise be restricted. Seals, moreover, can themselves be early carriers of writing; the poor legibility of impressed sealing patterns suggests that writing was in practice a form of visual communication, indexical of its agents, rather than just a code to be deciphered.
The workshop sets out to discuss these issues in a comparative perspective, centering on those traditions that display the most productive interaction between seals and incipient or early writing, in Egypt and the wider ancient Near East including the Indus valley and Crete. The workshop brings together experts in diverse specialisms in these areas with the aim to foster a dialogue between archeologically, materially and semiotically informed approaches, emphasizing, whenever possible, ancient actors’ perspectives. Specifically, the workshop seeks to develop agent-based perspectives on the following themes:

- Visual traditions: Early seal inscriptions combine pictorial and phonetic elements, but the line between the two types of signs is often blurred. Instead of trying to separate the two the workshop seeks to understand how ancient actors have perceived and responded to the openness of signs, how the transition from visual to phonetic was modelled, and how image and sound interpenetrated each other. Most studies project later interpretations into the beginning of early script, but this workshop takes a perspective from the visual traditions that precede early writing. Which elements of that tradition were activated for seals, which ones were not, and which new visual repertory was invented for seals?

- Material practice: Many studies have focused on the early script as a developing system of signs, sometimes employing semiotic theory, but often following a descriptive approach and ignoring material practices of writing. Sealing practice was integrated in the developing central administrations, but continued operating on other levels, such as for the management of private property, vesting of objects with prestige, and protective purposes when used together with beads and amulets. Sealing differs from handwriting as it does not require writing and reading skills, but sealing patterns still employed a range of images that ancient actors needed to decode. The range of signs known in a given community might have been restricted compared to the entirety of contemporary signs. The workshop therefore looks at the role of seals for the dissemination of visual and written signs across geographic space and society and at their relation to other practices of standardization that have placed seals in a new regime of values and taxonomies.

- Comparative approaches: The workshop compares the origins of seals in Egypt with seals and sealing practice in other early complex societies. The comparative approach will help understand shared trajectories and differences of visual traditions and material practices for the use of seals and the signs used on them. For example, using clay as a medium of communication was common in Mesopotamia for millennia before the cuneiform script was invented, but handwriting on papyrus was more clearly set apart from sealing with clay in Egypt. Both commonalities and differences require explanation.

The workshop is geared towards in-depth understanding and contextualized analysis. We would like this to be a forum for a productive exchange of ideas, approaches, hypotheses and open questions among specialists who do not regularly sit on the same table – archeologists as well as students of ancient writing, across various areas. To make room for such an effective exchange, the time slots for the presentations and discussion will be generous. Participants are invited to discuss individuals seals and sealing contexts as well as questions of modelling and theory.

This paper is not only aimed at disagreements with the views of Dina Rafidiyah and Fasho Tio Anugrah and their efforts to develop their thoughts, but also presents a basic concept formula for the application of progressive Islam that is simple and easy to apply in student activities at Muhammadiyah Higher Education. Researchers used a media approach through a globalization perspective introduced by Gill Branston and Roy Stafford in analyzing student activity at Muhammadiyah Higher Education as the object of this study. The conclusion of this study is the provision of material for students' understanding of the concept of progressive Islam and the application of its values that emphasize creativity and innovation through the basis of the Quran in the behavior and cultural life of the campus. This paper also produces derivative findings that come from these conclusions. The first finding is the need for material for students' understanding of the concept of progressive Islam t...

To an intelligent being, observing the course of world history from another planet, one fact would be inescapable, the marked difference in mental characteristics of the two major cultural groups of the world, the European or Western culture and the Asiatic or Eastern culture. The European culture has, in general, been an outward looking one, concerned with the environment and its control, and, considering its short history, the West has been amazingly successful in this field. The Europeans have been the great explorers and colonisers throughout history, and on the mental level theirs has been a history of rationalism, of attempts to find the answer, and then, if possible, to put the new-found knowledge to work. The peoples of the East, on the other hand, seem to have been rather more introspective. They have paid relatively little attention to natural science, and most of their thinking seems to have centred on man himself. This is particularly apparent in their religious beliefs, many of which seem, to Western eyes, defeatist, being concerned mainly with the individual's mastery over himself in the face of an apparently hostile and unfathomable universe. The Buddhist attempt to escape the ever-recurring `wheel of life' and achieve a state of Nirvana or nothingness seems peculiarly negative to the Westerner, accustomed as he is to the idea that, ultimately, everything will `come out right'. So deeply is this idea of the evolutionary, progressive aspect of the world ingrained in Western man, that it frequently goes unnoticed and, in fact, a considerable effort is required for the European to tear himself apart from the idea of cosmic progress and of a benevolent universe.

How is it possible to resolve the problem arising from contradictory opinions regarding Franz Rosenzweig’s and Hermann Cohen’s use of mathematics? A natural way out is proposed: while mathematics is essential for "The Star of Redemption" in the context of discovery, it is not essential in the context of justification.

Author(s): Noel McGuirk
Publisher: Routledge, Year: 2021
ISBN: 9780367437763, 2020039033, 2020039034, 9781003005711

Description:
This book analyses the usefulness of terrorist profiling utilised by law enforcement officers as a pre-emptive means to assist them in the detection, prevention and deterrence of terrorism and/or its preparatory activities.

It explores two main themes arising from the phenomenon of terrorist profiling: the lawfulness of terrorist profiling and the utility of profiling. These two themes are explored in three separate parts. Firstly, the book begins by drawing upon human rights concerns arising from the use of terrorist profiling by law enforcement officers. Secondly, an analytical framework capable of making determinations on the usefulness of terrorist profiling. This framework develops a profiling spectrum that ranges from formal and informal manifestations of terrorist profiling that forms the basis for evaluating its usefulness. Finally, the book presents an examination of various manifestations of terrorist profiling by separating the analysis of the ‘construction’ of profiles on the one hand, from their ‘application,’ on the other, so as to be able to identify and examine profiling’s usefulness as a technique to assist law enforcement officers make predictions about likely offender characteristics.

This book ultimately concludes that terrorist profiling should only be conducted by undertaking a systematic assessment of the construction of profiles separate from the application of profiles whilst simultaneously taking into account fundamental human rights concerns with the practice of terrorist profiling.

The work will be an essential resource for academics, law enforcement officers and lawyers in the disciplines of law, criminology, human rights, criminal justice and policing. As the book engages with terrorist profiling, it will also be of interest to those engaged in the psychology of terrorism.

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MUHAMMAD AFIFUDIN (O7310022) : Pengaruh Pergeseran Matahari terhadap Waktu Shalat Matahari merupakan benda angkasa yang mempunyai cahaya sendiri.Oleh karena itu, matahari mempunyai peranan sangat penting, antara lain sebagai sumber cahaya dan panas bagi planet-planet di sekitarnya termasuk planet bumi, sehingga kehidupan manusia, tumbuhan dan hewan di planet bumi dapat berlangsung. Selain sebagai sumber panas dan cahaya, matahari mempunyai peranan penting lainnya, yaitu sebagai pengatur variasi iklim dan cuaca di muka bumi, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya variasi kehidupan di muka bumi termasuk dalam permasalahan ibadah shalat. Dari latar belakang masalah diatas menimbulkan rumusan masalah: 1).Bagaimana sejarah perkembangan ilmu astronomi dalam ibadah shalat?; 2).Bagaimana peran astronomi dan korelasinya terhadap penentuan waktu shalat menurut nash?; 3).Bagaimana pengaruh pergeseran posisi matahari dalam penentuan waktu shalat?. Adapun tujuan penelitian dari skripsi ini adalah seba...

The environmental question is a multidimensional problem caused by the detrimental impact that human activity is having on the environment. Religious scholars, theologians, as well as numerous members of religious elites, in essence, view the issue as an anthropological phenomenon. In the first part of the study, we highlight several consequences of accelerated industrial development, technological growth and development: water, air and soil pollution; the shortage of natural resources due to uncontrolled exploitation; the degradation of biodiversity; climate change, etc. Additionally, in the study we focus is on man who, on the one hand, raises ecological awareness, by establishing different programs, organizations and various action plans, while on the other, through raw exploitation and the using up of natural resources, contributes to the ongoing imbalance in the ecosystem, and in essence, God's creation as a whole. The blame lies with man, and not nature. The destruction st...

Shaykh Muḥammad ᶜAwwāmah merupakan seorang tokoh hadith yang berasal daripada Syria dan merupakan anak didik Shaykh ‘Abd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan tentang ketokohan Shaykh Muḥammad ‘Awwāmah dalam bidang hadith serta meneliti sumbangan beliau dalam wacana hadith semasa. Selain itu, Shaykh Muḥammad ᶜAwwāmah dianggap antara tokoh hadith kontemporari yang moderat dan kritis
membahaskan isu-isu kritikal dalam wacana hadith pada masa kini. Kajian juga mendapati bahawa beliau mempunyai sumbangan yang banyak dalam bidang hadith khususnya dalam bentuk penulisan. Oleh itu, beliau dikategorikan sebagai tokoh yang prolifik dalam wacana hadith semasa. Di samping melakukan kajiankajian moden beliau juga bergiat aktif dalam melakukan pentaḥqīqan terhadap manuskrip-manuskrip lama dalam bidang hadith. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan kualitatif iaitu data-data mentah diperolehi menerusi
kaedah kepustakaan dan temu bual. Setiap data tersebut kemudian dianalisis melalui kaedah analisis dokumen. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa sumbangan Shaykh Muḥammad ᶜAwwāmah dalam wacana hadith semasa dapat membantu para pengkaji semasa memahami isu-isu yang mendalam berkaitan hadith serta ilmunya.