Nuclear Physics

This article examines how 'safety case' experts working on Finland’s nuclear waste repository project at Olkiluoto summoned, conjured, or channeled memories of Seppo—a deceased colleague whose ‘specter,’ as some put it, still ‘haunts’ their scientific community. For some, Seppo’s postmortem presence manifested as gaps in knowledge left behind by an expert often reluctant to document the methodological assumptions underlying his knowledge-practices. For others, it manifested as anecdotes about Seppo’s stubbornness, irritability, and intellectual intensity as well as his more jovial demeanor during sauna nights, workplace parties, or trips abroad. Still others caught themselves asking ‘What Would Seppo Do?’ while troubleshooting at work. Inspired by anthropological and philosophical work on ancestors and haunting, the article unpacks how the multi-millennial time horizons of nuclear waste risk, the intergenerational time horizons of expert succession, and the everyday time horizons of a single expert life-course shared entwined fates. It focuses less on what knowledge disappeared when an expert’s body died – or how it could have been preventatively backed-up or managed – and more on what has lived on of the expert in and through surviving colleagues. Analysis of 'afterlives of expertise' like these can, it concludes, provide insights for a current moment of intergenerational transition in nuclear energy sectors in Europe, North America, and beyond.

Activity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in raw and waste petroleum materials (Egypt and Kuwait) were measured using gamma ray spectrometer. The average values of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were 21.1 ± 3.2, 7.6 ± 1.3 and 88.4 ± 8.2 Bq kg −1 for Egyptian samples while for Kuwaiti samples, they were 25.2 ± 3.4, 6.1 ± 2.2 and 67.8 ± 6.4 Bq kg −1 , respectively. All samples had activity less than the exemption level recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Moreover, radiological indices of radium equivalent, external, internal, alpha and gamma indices and radiation dose as well were calculated and their values were lower than the recommended regulatory limits. Thus, radiation exposure to petroleum materials did not present a significant radiological hazard.

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

The general review of cross section formulas for the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair and triplet production is presented in the intermediate and high photon energy spectrum for carbon (Z=6). Using the classical Gaussian regression method, the empirical correction functions for the theoretical cross section formulas are calculated based on the existing experimental data. The simple formulas can be used to calculate the cross sections of four main radiation effects with a good accuracy. The proposed formulas are enough for practical calculations in the excel spreadsheet in e.g. radiation protection applications or radiation shields designing.

An interpretation of the Lorentz transformation strongly suggests that space is a compressible fluid capable of hosting the virtual mass component of a relativistic particle. This in turn suggests that virtual mass is a measure of the local spatial energy density. In real fluids, such as air and water, virtual mass is  measurable in embedded objects as a component of its apparent momentum when moving relative to the fluid medium; e.g., as in dirigibles and submarines.

In space, virtual mass is what imparts momentum to photons and other virtual particles, such as gravitons. The apparent mass of an object traveling at any relevant speed is the sum of its rest mass and the virtual mass thought to reside within the object itself; but, posed herein to reside within the associated surrounding space. 

In the fluid theory of space, it is argued that virtual mass resides in the fluid medium - space itself. This virtual mass is a property of space; and, it is the basis of (so called) virtual particles, such as gravitons. It is the virtual mass of a particle that is responsible for the wave-like nature of fast moving particles, mistakenly thought to reside within the particle. It is virtual mass which explains the observed results of the dual-slit experiment.

The virtual mass properties of a fluid space are responsible for the manifestation of gravity as space converges radially to all forms of elemental matter and energy. Virtual mass is also responsible for many quantum properties, such as uncertainty and the Copenhagen interpretation. Virtual mass is the bridge across the quantum disconnect currently separating Relativity and Quantum theory.

Eighty years have passed since atomic spectroscopy was used to discover deuterium, or “heavy hydrogen.” The element played a transformational role in the development of nuclear energy and isotope chemistry. Currently, it is helping astronomers to understand the very origins of our universe.

This brief paper is to explain one of my ideas relating to deep space propulsion. This paper explains what I call the "Nuclear Thermal Pulsejet Engine" and how we can use vacuum of space to cool a small nuclear reactor down for future nuclear powered spacecraft.

Elastic scattering of nucleons off nuclei is an important tool in learning about distributions of nucleons, protons and neutrons, within nuclei. Experimentally, differential cross sections are measured as a function
of scattering angle and, for polarized nucleons, analyzing power. Theoretically, scattering phase shifts are computed by solving a set of radial Schrodinger equations, assuming an optical potential for the
nucleons. The goal of this project is to arrive at simple formulas allowing to compute analyzing power from the phase shifts, in preparation for the global fit of optical potential parameters to elastic and
quasielastic data on nucleonic scattering.

The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In this paper, I studied the concentration of radon gas in some imported cosmetics samples in order to understand the level and distribution of Rn-222 concentrations in imported cosmetics samples from different origins (original & non-original famous brands) from local beauty centers in Kuwait by using alpha-emitters registrations that emitted from radon gas in CR-39 nuclear track detector. The obtained results have shown that the highest value of radon gas concentration in imported cosmetics samples which recorded (17.83 Bq.m-3) for FLORMAR - (Loose Powder) sample, while the lowest value of radon gas concentration in imported cosmetics samples was (3.66 Bq.m-3) for MAX FACTOR X - (Translucent Loose Face Powder) sample. The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all imported cosmetics samples is below the allowed limit from International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) agency.

Ce cahier de l'association "Rennes en Sciences" N°2 a été rédigé par le physicien Gabriel GORRE. Il décrit en détail l'histoire de l'invention de la chambre en brouillard et présente le modèle qu'il a réalisé et les résultats obtenus. Voir le blog : http://www.rennesensciences.fr/recent

This notebook of the association "Rennes in Sciences" N ° 2 was written by the physicist Gabriel GORRE. He describes in detail the history of the invention of the fog chamber and presents the model he has made and the results obtained. See the blog: http://www.rennesensciences.fr/recent

Via decrement of mass of planets, we can send the entire planets to far space orbital allocations. We can convert physical matter into energy, it can either get irradiated to outer space, get transmitted back to Earth's potential energy, get used as a self-propellant, or it can get used in a complex model of these systems; it decreases the mass of the planet. By conversion of the matter to energy, Earth will lose some mass that decreases the gravitational fields for Earth; the formulas of the current research are deduced to control the movements of the planets. Celestial bodies, like any other mechanical systems which follow, and are based on, the physical laws of mechanics and dynamical systems, follow these laws. So since the celestial object “A” exerts the “F” force on the celestial object “B”, the celestial object “B” exerts an interactive force “F” on the celestial object “A” also. All celestial objects exert gravitational influences on each other. Scientists believe, once upon a time, the Sun would be much hotter than what it is today. By that point, this high temperature leads to extinction of the entire existence of life on Earth. When the gravitational force changes, a space particle may either get departed from the other particle or come closer to the other particle.

The purpose of the following study is to build up a nucleus model – based on the symmetries of atomic shell – where the density of nucleons is constant. And which gives enough space for zero point quantum motion in a way that the collision of identical particles is excluded. Electrons flowing as superfluids in supraconductive crystals are suitable analogies. Its condition, the most symmetric cubic lattice can be realized by the strict self-organization and harmonized movement of nucleons. Continuing with the process, we will arrive at the magic numbers, the shell structure of nuclei, which logically derive from the above mentioned symmetry. We get a clear explanation of the role classical spin plays in nuclear physics, and a simple method to describe nuclear spin. Binding energies of certain nuclei can be calculated with proper approach.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK) have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. A further reactor type, the so-called fast reactor, has been developed to full-scale demonstration stage. These various reactor types will now be described, together with current developments and some prototype designs.

What happened, in the years leading up to Valentine's Day 2014, that made a canister of nuclear waste burst open and spew out fire underground at a US facility for the long-term disposal of radioactive military waste? According to one widely publicized scenario, a simple run-of-the-mill typo led to organic kitty litter mistakenly being used to soak up liquid in the drum instead of another kind of absorbent material. This ultimately led to a reaction that made heat and pressure build up in the drum, causing it to erupt. But was that "simple" clerical error symptomatic of a much deeper, system-wide problem-- involving a US Energy Department plan to rush the pace of nuclear waste disposal? What were the political, social, and financial elements involved in making Los Alamos' waste drum #68660 erupt that February night? What can be done to prevent similar accidents – which can have price tags of hundreds of millions of dollars or more – from happening again in the future? A cultural anthropologist spent 10 weeks onsite after the event, logging 43 interviews and trying to answer these questions. Here is what he found.

"These two supporting books are prepared for Higher Secondary level physics students. Every year more than 50,000 students are enrolled in Science stream in High-School in Nepal. The aim of these two supporting books is to aid them a quick way to grasp the knowledge of Physics for their Board Examination. 
    These book series have been revised each year with additional probable questions and their answers. "

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

A theoretical analysis of the Sjöstrand method of reactivity measurement is presented. The analysis is based on the general transport equations. Only approximations of minor influence on the validity of the obtained equation for reactivity were adopted. The equation may be used as a basis for a better evaluation of subcriticality based on measured signals.

The Contamination caused by heavy metals in the environment has attracted global attention owing to its abundance, persistence and environmental toxicity. Both natural and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the abundant of heavy metals in the environment. However, anthropogenic activities can effortlessly generate heavy metals in sediment, soils, and water th at pollute the human and aquatic environment. Heavy metals are toxic environmental substances which may accumulate in a food chain and pose threat to the health of humans. The present study reviewed the presence of heavy metals and their health impli cations in some part of the country. Heavy metal has been reported in different literature both local and international to have cause toxic effect on man and the environment. Common sources of heavy metals are from mining and industrial wastes, vehicle emissions, l ead acid batteries, fertilizers, paints treated woods, aging water supply infrastructures and micro plastic floating in oceans. Som e heavy metals such as Cd and Pb may be present in children's toys and high level that exceeds regulatory standards. Since, the div ersity of environmental contaminants increased exponentially, with countless anthropogenic sources. Therefore, the diverse and emerging issues of food security and environmental quality have become a Nigerians concern, particularly their inextricable assoc iation with human health. Based on this reviewed work, it was observed a higher level of heavy metal concentrations in areas like Kano, adamawa, Niger Delta and those with low level include Ekiti & Kaduna state e.t.c.

Niebotyczne koszty cywilnej energetyki jądrowej nie powinny odżegnywać od inwestycji w bloki jądrowe w Polce. Kluczem do ich zrealizowania może być skorzystanie z dodatkowych, nieoczywistych źródeł finansowania. Największą ciekawostką jest to, że wpływ na powodzenie energetyki jądrowej w Polsce będzie miał sposób finansowania i uregulowania… odpadów radioaktywnych oraz terenów pogórniczych.

Universe is made up of God Particles or Basic Building Blocks ( Fig -1) or mind and mass . To Understand life ( new definition ) we have to understand  sleeping and arousal phenomenon  in living animals , plants and  seed ,  molecules , atoms , particles and in Tachyons which are made up off two God particles . We are set of informations ( Code PcPs ) and that too changing ( fetus , infant , adolescence , adult , old age and finally death ) . Death set of informations ( code PcPs ) are different than life set of informations ( CodePcPs) . Life set of  Informations could be recreated only by Almighty B.B.B . Hence death is illusion. In all stages of set of informations of  particles , atoms, molecules  have arousal state of mind ( Eyes open ) . Hence Idols  are alive  by virtue of arousal -  sleep  phenomenon property ( property of life ) of God particles ( Mind and Mass ) . Life effects are higher thought expressions of B.B.Bs . When these thought expressions are inhibited death thoughts are  triggered , we observe death effects . ( autolysis of cells  and rigor mortis etc ). Hence concept of soul is myth. Hence Life means sleep and arousal phenomenon ( new definition ) . Hence statues are alive because they are in arousal state of mind . ( Open eyes ) till creation exists . After the creation is over,  all stages of God particles would come in sleeping state  in symmetry phase  ( close eyes –mind ) but alive ( new definition ) . Universe “I” is always Alive ( new definition ) whether it is in sleeping state of mind or arousal state of mind.

A closer look at recently declassified Soviet and American government documents from the period reveals that it was the Chernobyl disaster that intensified four volatile reforms: increased concern for citizen welfare, glasnost, perestroika, and demilitarization. Chernobyl caused these democratic changes to work simultaneously, an explosive combination that severely undermined the Communist system and accelerated the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

In the first decades of space exploration several concepts appeared for utilizing nuclear energy in space. However, only a few of them were developed into actual instruments. Radioisotope powered batteries and heating units have been regularly used in automatized space probes since then. Small nuclear reactors were also launched into space in the Cold War era, but the hazards finally proved to be too great compared to the benefits. Nuclear propulsion systems were also developed in the USA (NERVA) and in the USSR (RD 0410) but never actually used in a launched spacecraft. The concept of a radioisotope powered thermal rocket engine also existed, but the initial experiments revealed several problems, so the concept was set aside. Nuclear energy in space Cascade decaying isotopes Outline of a possible implementation of the THOR engine (Thorium-228 isotope powered thermal rocket engine). The body of the engine could be made of tantalum-hafnium carbide ceramic, which has a melting point at 4260 K-this material allows high working temperatures (3300-3600 K) while effectively absorbing the radiation of the source. The hydrogen propellant leaves the nozzle at a speed of 10 km/sec at this temperature. Adding a small amount of hydrocarbons to the propellant material prevents the chemical wear of the engine parts by the hot hydrogen gas flowing through them.

Resumen En un estudio estadistico se considéra un conjunto, llamado poblacion, de elementos, que se denominan individuos, de los cuales se estudia un aspecto determinado, que se denomina caracter y tambien variable estadistica o simplemente variable. Estas observaciones pueden incluir el total de la poblacion o limitarse por razones de economia, a una parte de los individuos que la constituyen es decir de una muestra. En este ultimo caso , a partir de los datos obtenidos para la muestra elegida, se infieren resultados para toda la poblacion. En esta experiencia se pretende determinar la actividad de una muestra de 60 Co tomando una cantidad especifica de medidas (í µí± = 30) con un tiempo de espera de 1 minuto, utilizando un voltaje de trabajo de 580 (í µí±‰),con el fin de determinar la desviacion estadistica de los datos obtenidos. Abstract In a statistical study a set is considered, called population, of elements, that are called individuals, of which a determined aspect is studied, that is denominated character and also variable statistical or simply variable. These observations can include the total of the population or be limited for reasons of economy, to a part of the individuals that constitute it, that is, of a sample. In the latter case, based on the data obtained for the chosen sample, results are inferred for the entire population. In this experience, we intend to determine the activity of a 60 Co sample by taking a specific quantity of measurements (í µí± = 30) with a waiting time of 1

The identification of the magic number of six provides an avenue to investigate the origin of spin–orbit splittings in atomic nuclei. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been " squeezed " to a record low. [18] An elliptical light beam in a nonlinear optical medium pumped by " twisted light " can rotate like an electron around a magnetic field. [17] Physicists from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics and the CRANN Institute, Trinity College, have discovered a new form of light, which will impact our understanding of the fundamental nature of light. [16] Light from an optical fiber illuminates the metasurface, is scattered in four different directions, and the intensities are measured by the four detectors. From this measurement the state of polarization of light is detected. [15]