Early Modern History

Philippinen: Zwar erließ die Regierung vor fast 20 Jahren ein umfassendes Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz, doch die Umsetzung verläuft lokal sehr verschieden. Informelle Müllsammler*innen besorgen den Großteil der Müllentsorgung. Immerhin gibt es inzwischen in über 20 Städten Plastikverbote.

Dubrovnik-Raguse est une république maritime et commerciale majeure à la fin du Moyen Age et au début de l'époque moderne située dans l'Adriatique méridionale, plaque tournante culturelle et médiatrice entre civilisations orientales et occidentale, dotée d'une dichotomie linguistique et d'une polyvalence créatrice entre les mondes latin et slave.

The Benedictine Beda Mayr,OSB, (1742–1794) was one of the main figures of the German Catholic Enlightenment. He was not only the first Catholic to wrestle with the challenges of Reimarus and Lessing, but also the first to develop an ecumenical methodology for a reunion of the churches. The text, translated from the German original for the first time, presents a theologian who intentionally went to the margins of orthodoxy in order to allow for more interconfessional dialogue. Mayr argued that Catholic theology should follow minority opinions for unsettled dogmatic questions, which would allow for easier union agreements with Protestant churches. Moreover, he suggested limiting ecclesial infallibility to directly revealed truths, thereby reducing the authoritative truth claims of conciliar or papal decisions.

Although the study of Catholic Enlightenment is booming among historians and theologians, too few texts are available in reliable translations. A major strength of this edition is not only that its introduction introduces the reader to the colorful landscape of eighteenth-century theological discussions, but also presents the entire text of Mayr's book (with the exception of its appendix) thereby allowing the reader to see the strengths and weaknesses of Enlightenment ecumenism.

Mayr's Limited Infallibility was put on the Index of Forbidden Books, on which it remained until the 20th Century. It invites readers to a modern, non-scholastic way of theologizing for the sake of Christian unity.

Plato's Critias, whose Latin title is Atlanticus, is famously a labor imperfectus. Francis Bacon's New Atlantis (1626) ends, or fails to end, or even refuses to end with the equally famous, maddening, bracketed sentence: "[the rest was not perfected]".

I argue that, if we want to understand the significance of this double textual "imperfection"-ancient (in the Critias) and modern (in the New Atlantis)-, we must concentrate on three moments in Bacon's "worke unfinished": the identification of Plato's Atlantis as Great Atlantis, namely America; the replacement of an earthquake with a deluge, so that New Atlantis is not engulfed in an ocean of mud; and the experimental rewriting of Plato's allegory of the cave in the Republic.

Deceptive grottos are relevant in Bacon's reception/elaboration of the Platonic cave in the Novum Organum. But cavernous spaces and subterranean holes play a startlingly novel role in the New Atlantis.
A truly epoch-making question is at stake. What do these modern variations mean?
In this paper, I try to answer this question.

This martial portrait of the young Prince Philip, later Philip III of Spain and Philip II of Portugal (r. 1598-1621), belongs to a series of portraits commissioned by his father from leading painters at his court in Madrid. Philip II recruited Alonso Sánchez Coello (1531-1588), Juan Pantoja de la Cruz (1553-1608), and the lesser-known Flemish artist Justus Tiel (d. 1595) to execute representative images of his only surviving son born in 1578. The number of images, originals and workshop copies attest to Philip II’s desire to promote his adolescent son at European courts, sending these portraits abroad as diplomatic gifts.

s'imposa comme l'une des princesses les plus puissantes du XVI e siècle, sans être ni reine ni fille de France. Première femme à porter le titre de régente du royaume, en 1515 et 1525, elle occupa une place éminente à la tête de l'État, tout en rayonnant à la Cour de France. Dotée d'un don pour les affaires politiques et d'une solide culture humaniste, elle porta à son apogée le pouvoir au féminin. Dévouée à la Couronne et à son fils, guidée par un idéal de sagesse, de vertu et de prudence qu'elle eut à coeur d'incarner, elle constitua un modèle pour de nombreuses princesses, parmi lesquelles Catherine de Médicis. Diplomate hors pair, elle s'imposa comme une figure incontournable sur l'échiquier géopolitique européen. Princesse de la Renaissance, elle influença la vie artistique et intellectuelle du royaume par son goût des arts et des livres. Cet ouvrage offre un regard global sur cette personnalité fascinante qui sut réaliser avec un génie sans pareil la synthèse des différentes facettes du pouvoir. Agrégée, docteur en histoire moderne, spécialiste de l'histoire des femmes aux XV e et XVI e siècles, Aubrée David-Chapy est l'auteur d'un Anne de France qui a fait date. Elle assure le commissariat scientifique d'expositions, dont l'une a reçu le label « Exposition d'intérêt national ».

El Centro de Estudios Históricos y la Escuela de Historia y Geografía de la Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins convocan a investigadores e investigadoras a participar en las XIV Jornadas de Estudios Coloniales y Modernos a realizarse en la ciudad de Santiago, Chile, entre los días 5 y 9 de agosto de 2024 en modalidad presencial.
A continuación, publicamos la lista de mesas aceptadas y sus coordinadores respectivos. Cada mesa contará con dos coordinadores y 10 ponencias como máximo. Una persona solo puede coordinar una mesa. Del mismo modo, solo podrá presentar una ponencia. De lo contrario, a los organizadores se nos haría difícil elaborar el cronograma final, compaginando los tiempos de todas y todos.

Organizzata dal Gruppo Studi Bassa Modenese, introdotta da Gian Luca Tusini dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna, la conferenza di Graziella Martinelli Braglia sviluppa i saggio della studiosa “Pittrici mirandolesi tra Cinque e Seicento” pubblicato in ‘Tra Secchia e Panaro’, a cura di Mauro Calzolari e Francesca Foroni, Atti delle Giornate di studio (Medolla, Mo 15-16 ottobre 2022), Gruppo Studi Bassa Modenese, “Quaderni della Bassa Modenese”, nn. 83-84, (San Felice sul Panaro, Mo) 2023, pp. 23-44.       

Quattro pittrici sono legate alla Mirandola dei Pico, o per origini, o per nascita, o per matrimonio. Di alcune si conserva soltanto la memoria; per quanto ora è noto, nessuna loro opera si conserva in area mirandolese. La prima è Lucrezia Quistelli Pietra (1541-1594), allieva di Alessandro Allori, di cui si è recentemente ritrovato un Matrimonio mistico di santa Caterina, con quello che ora si ritiene il suo autoritratto; visse nella Firenze dei Medici, ove operò la celebre monaca Plautilla Nelli, di cui si presenta una inedita Santa Caterina. Altre due “pittoresse” sono la mirandolese Lucrezia Prandini (doc. 1683) e la madre Francesca Martelli Prandini (doc. 1666-1683), nativa di Massa, operosa fra Liguria e Toscana dove lasciò varie pale d’altare. Infine, suor Giulia Vittoria Cassana (fine sec. XVII - doc. 1738), monaca nelle Clarisse di San Ludovico a Mirandola, ultima esponente di una famiglia di famosi pittori originaria di Genova.

The contribution deals with a very relevant issue in the framework of the historiographical revision of the role of the guilds in early modern Europe that has occurred over the past twenty years We refer to the apprenticeship and the role it played in the transmission of know-how and technological knowledge. The contribution looks at the Italian experience, first of all by exploiting the research carried out by the dozens of scholars involved in two Prin. A collective work which led to the collection of data regarding more than 1,100 Italian guilds. Secondly it widens the perspective highlighting the fact that many works were carried out outside the guilds framework, in order to offer a more realistic reconstruction of apprenticeship in early modern period.

This article relates Giorgio Agamben's interpretation of the oath to one Anabaptist critique of oath swearing, namely the one found in the final article of the 1527 Schleitheim Confession. How might Agamben's philosophical interpretation shed light on Schleitheim's instruction to refuse oath swearing? And where might Schleitheim's formulation challenge Agamben's argument? Reading Schleitheim in light of Agamben's formulation, we come to see how the confession's refusal of oath swearing can be read as a critique of sovereignty and a re-envisioning of certitude and trust in a community without such enforced guarantees. This means oath refusal is far from an afterthought to more central Anabaptist concerns. Indeed, oath refusal can be seen as integral to, perhaps even exemplary of, the attempt to build a community under a sovereignty of a radically different kind.

Zirvede kalmak, oraya çıkmaktan zor mudur? Ortaçağ devlet geleneğinde, her açıdan zirveyi görmüş bir devletin zirvede tutunma çabaları sonuç verecek mi, yoksa zaten yarım asırdır süren kötüye gidiş, gerileme ve akabinde kaçınılmaz bir çöküş ile mi sonuçlanacaktır? Elbette cumhuriyetten beri Türk tarih müfredatını okumuş olan kişiler için yukarıdaki soruları cevaplamak kolaydır. Fakat bilinen tarihin bilinmeyen taraflarında neler yaşanmıştı? Köprülüler neyi amaçlamış ne kadarını başarmıştı? Günümüz tarihçilerinin üzerinde ittifak ettiği ender konulardan olan Köprülüler Devri’nin başarısının arka planında neler yaşanmıştı? Sorulardan anlaşılacağı üzere çalışmanın teması, Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın sadaretini takip eden yaklaşık yarım asırda, onların yönetimlerine istihbarî faaliyetlerin etkisinin olup olmadığıdır. Çalışmaya dayanak oluşturan kaynak grubunun başında Osmanlı Arşivi’nden temin edilen resmi evrak ile devrin nabzını tutan Osmanlı kronikleri gelmektedir. Bunlardan istifade edilerek neşredilmiş olan yerli ve yabancı çalışmalardan da yararlanılmıştır.

En este trabajo abordamos desde la perspectiva de la historia social y de manera longitudinal el estudio trigeneracional de marinos de la familia Oquendo que más alto llegaron en las armadas de los Austrias. Mediante el análisis comparativo de los inventarios de bienes post mortem de los generales Miguel de Oquendo y Segura (1588), don Antonio de Oquendo (1640), y don Miguel de Oquendo y Molina (1681) examinaremos por una parte el universo material de los tres capitanes generales y trataremos de caracterizar a los individuos, así como su trayectoria y ascenso social.

Son yıllarda Osmanlı tarihinde öne çıkan isimlerle ilgili birçok biyografi kaleme alınmıştır. Bu sayısal artışa mukabil gerekli akademik donanımdan yoksun olunması sebebiyle eserlerin bazılarında ciddi metot ve bilgi hataları mevcuttur. Bu tür eksiklik ve hatalarla malul çalışmalardan biri de Mehmet Yılmaz Akbulut tarafından kaleme alınan "Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa: Paşalar Çağının Şeyhülvüzerası" başlıklı kitaptır. 2022 yılında Timaş Yayınları tarafından yayımlanan eser, kısa sürede üçüncü baskıyı yapmıştır. Söz konusu kitap hakkında şimdiye kadar birkaç tanıtım yazısı da yayımlanmıştır. Bu incelemede ise Akbulut'un kitabı üzerinden biyografi yazımında bürokratik yapı ve işleyişe hâkim olunmasının önemi ve arşiv vesikalarının daha sağlıklı nasıl kullanılabileceği izah edilmiştir. Bu vesileyle gerekli akademik donanım ve doğru metodolojiye sahip olunmadan yazılan biyografilerin ne tür hata ve eksiklikler içerdiği misalleriyle gösterilmiştir.

After the defeat of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács, Hungary experienced a difficult epoch in its history. The country had to fight against the invaders, and, at the same time, the succession crisis occurred. Hungary was divided into two camps regarding the election of the new king. The northern and western parts of the country elected Ferdinand I of Habsburg (1527-1564), while the middle and eastern parts opted for John Zápolya (1526-1540). However, the Ottoman army did not capture all the fortifications in the southern parts of Bačka in the autumn of 1526. The purpose of this research is to show how the Bač Fortress and its wider environment came under the Ottoman rule, i.e. who were the owners of the fortress between 1526 and 1543. Recent research with the interpretation of new unpublished sources have shown that the fortress was under the Ottoman rule on several occasions, but also under the rule of Hungarian kings. Serbs in Bačka also played important role in these events.

[Text in Spanish] The re-discovery of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza’s herbaria in the Library of El Escorial allows us to offer a somewhat different look at the library of this aristocrat, diplomat, collector and poet from Granada. As his library passed into the hands of Felipe II when Mendoza died in 1575, the herbaria were incorporated into the whole cultural, political and artistic program of the Royal monas- tery-palace-mausoleum. This paper aims to propose a new look to these herbaria within the two cultural contexts in which they lived. Both based, not only in the Mendoza’s library as a space of constructing knowledge about the natural world, but also playing different roles inside a library which had moved between Italy (Venice, Trent, Padua, Bologna, Rome) and Spain (Granada, Madrid, El Escorial) over four decisive decades for the future of the Catholic Monarchy.

Panel Chair: Amy Buono

Early modern collections existed in a state of constant flux. With the exception of objects declared to be inalienable, things could and did move out of collections to serve a variety of purposes. Objects were given away as gifts or traded to other collectors; they could be put to practical use in workshops and laboratories; deployed in civic, courtly, and religious ceremonies; recrafted, repurposed, or even thrown away as tastes and values changed. This session seeks to interrogate why objects left early modern collections and the functions these removals served. What happens to objects, physically and conceptually, as they enter, leave, and possibly re-enter collections? What forms of cultural, political, and/or practical work can objects perform outside the collection that they might not perform within it?

Panelists:
Mark Meadow, University of California, Santa Barbara
"Johann Wilhelm von Laubenberg, Ulrich von Montfort, and the Role of Minor
Nobles as Intermediaries in Sixteenth Century Collecting"

In 1562, the knight Johann Wilhelm von Laubenberg von Wagegg wrote to Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria seeking to sell his “heidnischen irdischen schatz,” which included ancient coins and other antiquities, the now renowned Codex Argenteus, and other rarities. His motivation in offering his holdings to Albrecht was, in no small part, that his sons and heirs and “neither then skills nor the interest or knowledge” to solve the “puzzles” that his possessions presented. A little over a decade later, Count Ulrich IV von Montfort zu Tetnang passed away, leading to intense interest in acquiring his collection, which included “a variety of foreign [mörisch] gear made of feathers” that in 1590 found its way into the Kunstkammer of Ferdinand of Tyrol. This paper explores the status of such minor noble collectors as intermediaries who assembled considerable troves of objects only to have them dispersed or absorbed wholesale into the collections of princes and wealthy merchants. I argue that Montfort, Laubenberg and others assembled these collections in no small part as an effort towards stabilizing family status in a period when the minor nobility were under threat from the great princes above them in social rank, and from the great merchant houses that were surpassing them in wealth. The dispersal and absorption of their prized treasures thus mirrors the decline they faced socially, politically and economically.

Samuel Frédéric Luterbacher, Occidental College
"Sovereign Time: A Clockwork Art History"

A European table clock sits among the possessions of the deified Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu at his Mount Kunō shrine in Shizuoka, Japan. It carries an inscribed brass plaque recording its manufacture by the Flemish royal clockmaker Hans de Evalo in Madrid in 1581, before a Spanish delegation from Mexico presented it to the retired Shogun in 1611. Through the story of the Mount Kunō clock, this paper will examine how objects shaped early modern communities’ encounters with different concepts of time, as viewed within their respective cultural histories.

This paper argues how clockwork became representative of the sovereign’s time, articulated by clockwork’s dissimulative aesthetics. Paralleling the royal portrait, clockwork acted as a representative of the Spanish monarch’s temporal order, and its gifting to East Asian rulers aimed to persuade them of their mutual belonging to a universal Christian time. Meanwhile, the gifted clock joined Ieyasu’s personal treasures as part of his posthumous deification at the Mount Kunō shrine, serving his own inscription into the temporal and spiritual orders of Japan.  The timepiece’s transit showcases how clockwork came to serve constructions of sovereignty and temporal rule between the poles of Spain and Japan, operating through alternating forms of cultural dissimulation.

Marika Keblusek, Leiden University
"'All my wonder things'. The Paludanus collection as a store-room (c.1600)"

The collections of exotica and naturalia of the Dutch physician Bernardus Paludanus (1550-1633) were famous throughout Europe. Hundreds of visitors, recorded in his friendship album, came to see his Enkhuizen Wunderkammer. Having started a collection in the 1580s during his study years in Padua, focusing in particular on natural things, with a special interest in fossils and stones, in later life Paludanus received mostly ethnographic objects through his connections in the Dutch East India Company. An abundance of archival materials - letters, inventories and catalogues - testify to the many shifts in the collection: objects disappeared because they were gifted, destroyed, sold or stolen, and (re)appeared though donations or purchases. In this paper, I will discuss the changing nature of the collection and consider what this tells us about meaning and interpretation of early modern 'wonder rooms'.

This chapter provides an overall analysis of popular royalism in Southern Europe, using case studies from three Bourbon monarchies: Spain, France and the Kingdom of Naples (1789–1830). Through the concepts of king, war and bread, it shows how popular participation in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars forged a new relationship between the king and his subjects. Royalist combatants felt entitled to ask for specific rewards in return for their service, thus opening the way for expressing their social and economic demands. Popular royalism provided an original means of political participation through which working people intervened in the transformation of the traditional monarchies during the Age of Revolution.

The article deals with the fundamental transformation of the Grand Tour of the nobility from the Czech and Austrian Lands during the first half of the 18th century. The author shows they moved from the thorough mastering of the aristocratic habits to the extensive education mainly in the field of public law in order to be able to participate in the activities of central and provincial bureaucratic institutions of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy. The Catholic nobles started to study law at the universities in Protestant countries (mainly in Leiden and Leipzig), the attractiveness of the United Provinces, the Duchy of Lorraine and Imperial area (instead ofItaly and France) increased significantly and the young nobles shortened the time dedicated to the noble exercises. At the end, the author tries to compare this situation with the Grand Toursof the Polish nobility.

Paulo VI veio a Fátima, nos cinquenta anos das aparições,  apesar das relações entre Portugal e o Vaticano encontrarem-se de alguma forma em estado de tensão.Apesar de tudo, o governo Português aproveitou essa vinda para a capitalizar politicamente. Esta é uma descrição de recepção ao papa.