Military Science

Regardless of its military might, the current availability of powerful, easily-concealed weapons makes it difficult for any nation to ensure peace at home or abroad. Moreover, there is growing concern that fear-based strategies of defense and peace-making cannot create or maintain lasting peace. Against this dismal backdrop, recent research documents the effectiveness of a new peace-creating technology which is profound in its concept, affordable, and easily implemented. Over forty presented or published studies on this technology, which was derived from ancient Vedic knowledge by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, confirm its ability to reduce conflict, promote international cooperation, reduce societal disorder, and improve quality of life. The research is so compelling that, for the first time in modern history, alternative, nonthreatening strategies for securing peace can be realistically proposed.

NOW OUT OF PRINT 

Title: Prussian Napoleonic Landwehr Infantry and Cavalry 1813-15: Landsturm, Volunteer Cavalry and Streifkorps
Publisher: Partizan Press
Pages: 224 pages and over 380 colour illustrations.

This is the companion volume to the successful two volumes on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840.

The Landwehr and volunteers were essential in the success of the Prussian Army during the Wars of Liberation (1813-1815) against Napoleon. Their participation permitted the army to quadruple in size by August 1813 and become the cutting edge of the Allied Armies.

This unique work is the companion to the author’s two volume reference on the Prussian Infantry 1808-1840. It documents the campaign history, organisation, uniforms, horse furniture and their commanders, whether Landwehr (infantry and cavalry), Landsturm, Civil Guard, National Cavalry or Volunteers (Freiwilliger Jäger, Freikorps, and Streifkorps). For the first time in one volume the great diversity of their uniforms are lavishly illustrated and explored in detail, not previously attempted even in German.

The work draws upon all the essential sources on Prussian uniforms, including the contemporary works of Elberfeld and Genty. The 380+ colour illustrations include 331 of uniforms after Hans, Brauer, Woldemar Friedrich, Herbert Knötel, Richard Knötel, Bob Marrion, Carl Röchling and Moritz Ruhl plus 18 tables, 12 order of battles, 110 uniform details, saddlecloths and lance pennants.

From the Foreword by
Colonel Walter J. Boyne, USAF (Ret.)
"Written in a brisk, accessible style, this encyclopedia provides a collective
description of the principle weapons systems of the United
States at the most definitive juncture of American defense policy . . .
"The authors have provided listings for all U.S. weapons anywhere
in the world, encompassing systems as old as the Douglas C-47
'Gooney Bird' and as new as its twenty-first-century successor, the
McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III. Each individual listing
provides information on the weapons system, its evolution, development,
variants, combat experience and specifications. The coverage
of ships is particularly valuable, for it includes a listing of every
ship within its class, by hull number, ship's name, builder, and with
key dates. Similarly, exhaustive detail is provided for armored fighting
vehicles, missiles, and other weapons.
"Tim Laur and Steve Llanso are experts in the field and their book
is an important contribution to military literature, providing as it
does an instant reference to the weapons systems of all the services
of the United States."

This paper addresses gaps in current US Army doctrine regarding planning during the execution of operations.  This paper suggests a model that tactical (BN - DIV) planning staff personnel can use to meet planning requirements in time-constrained environments.  Finally, this paper offers considerations to improve the effectiveness of RDSP.

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

The texts "About the rhythm in military art", "About the gaze in military art", and "About the attitude of the spirit in military art" by the notorious samurai Miyamoto Musashi, are part of his book, known in English as the "Book of the five rings". This ancient military treatise consists of a work of enormous value, divided into five chapters, and is considered the most accurate record of what was considered by Musashi to be his most valuable legacy, his meticulous and rational way of thinking about military art, and in particular , individual duels.

This important work, although it has an evident focus on kenjutsu, that is, on Japanese swordsmanship, more specifically, the Niten ichi-ryū style, founded by Musashi himself, does not fail to present more reflections on the art of war in a more general way.

The Cossacks earned an impressive reputation during the Napoleonic Wars. They were loathed for their "barbarism" and feared as fierce warriors. This book enlightens the reader about the fascinating history of these troops, the uniforms, armament and the Cossacks hosts. The second book called (2007) The Brazen Cross: Russian Opolchenie, Partizans and Freikorps during the Napoleonic Wars, completes the story on the Irregular forces of Russia.

Dr Alexander Mikerberidze said in his review on the Napoleon Series
"The book is lavishly illustrated - all 80 pages are printed on a gloss paper and the book contains 27 B&W illustrations and 11 color plates by Patrice Courcelle! [of Cossack Uniforms]"
"… Among the strongest features of the book are the numerous tables covering almost every aspect of the Cossack organization and armament."
"… It reads very easily and author's special drop-out boxes with quotes from various memoirs and little known facts only enhance the experience. …. This book is recommended to anyone interested in the Napoleonic Wars and especially to wargamers, who would certainly welcome its concise and informative style."

The Introduction describes swiftly the history of Cossacks and their initial conflict with the expanding Russian state. A small section reconciles the Cossack table of ranks of Cossack Khorunzhii, Uriadnik or Esaul with those of the regular army.

The Cossack military organization, tactics and involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. The 'Armament and Uniforms' section also discusses the much overlooked Cossack horse.

The 'Cossack Hosts' chapter deals with seven major Cossack hosts that existed [Black Sea Cossacks, Bug Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Ukrainian Cossacks Ural Cossacks]. Each host is dealt in 2-3 paragraphs and the Don Host is covered in far more detail. In addition the minor Cossack hosts of the Danube Mouth, Ekaterinoslavl, Terek and Volga are discussed. The 'Regular Cossacks' provides information on establishment and military service of Leib Garde Cossack, Black Sea Leib-Garde Sotnia, Chuguev Cossack and Teptiar Cossacks. The 'Other Irregular Cavalry' details the overlooked Kalmyks, Bashkyrs, and Mesheriaks.

A detailed chronology which covers the Cossack history between late 14th century and 1917. Appendices 'A' and 'C' contain Cossack and general Russian military terms and explanation. Appendix 'B' serves as a reference list for various hosts and nations while Appendix 'D' deals with the uniform and armament terms.


Available from
Caliver Books in UK
www.caliverbooks.com

Influence and persuasion are gaining increased attention in warfare, but often social psychology approaches remain underused or neglected while this academic field has provided useful insights into this approach, especially as a non-kinetic capability. To effectively influence and persuade, we need to understand the adversary and the specific frame of reference of the relevant audience, which can be determined through Actor and Audience Analysis (AAA), a relatively new tool that has shown promising results. Based on the results of AAA, the communicator's characteristics and persuasion techniques must be tailored to the specific audience. This chapter will use delegitimisation of the adversary, specifically in the context of extremism and terrorism, as an example to demonstrate how influence and persuasion can be applied in a military context.

The surrender of Tobruk70 years ago was a major catastrophe for the Allied war effort, considerably weakening their military position in North Africa, as well as causing political embarrassment to the
leaders of South Africa and the United Kingdom. This article re-examines the circumstances surrounding and leading to the surrender of Tobruk in June 1942, in what amounted to the largest reversal of arms suffered by South Africa in its military history. By making use of primary documents and secondary sources as evidence, the article seeks a better understanding of the events that surrounded this tragedy. A brief background is given in the form of a chronological synopsis of the battles and manoeuvres
leading up to the investment of Tobruk, followed by a detailed account of the offensive launched on 20 June 1942 by the Germans on the hapless defenders. The sudden and unexpected surrender of the garrison is examined and an explanationfor the rapid collapse offered, as well as considering what may have transpired had the garrison been better prepared and led.

Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk are the largest disasters suffered by South Africa in its military history. Yet, despite their enormity, Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk are little understood and hardly remembered. South Africa declared war on Germany on the 6 September 1939, after a bitter internal debate, amounting to a conflict between Afrikaner nationalists and those who supported the British Empire. South Africa’s political ambivalence and disunity ran parallel to her unpreparedness for war in every important department from the lack of vital coastal defences to the miniscule size of her army and air force and complete lack of a navy. The first six months of 1941 saw the South Africans play a significant part in completely defeating the Italian colonial forces in East Africa. However, the campaign was poor preparation for what the South Africans were to encounter in the North African Desert months later. South African troops spent their time rebuilding fortifications in Egypt rather than in essential training to acclimatise this “bush war” army to harsh desert conditions. In a reluctant political decision, the unprepared South Africans were committed to Operation Crusader. The inexperienced South Africans met up with the battle hardened Afrika Korps at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941 and were annihilated in the face of overwhelming odds. In revisiting this forgotten battle, it has been found, using primary and secondary sources, that the South Africans extracted an enormous price on the German armour in what may have been the true turning point of Operation Crusader. In May 1942, Rommel’s Afrika Korps sallied forth in a series of lightning moves that demonstrated the Axis grip on combined operations and managed to isolate the vital port of Tobruk commanded by an inexperienced South African, Major General H. B. Klopper. His surrender in one day is often compared to the previous siege endured under similar circumstances, where the Australians managed to hold Rommel at bay for 244 days until the siege was lifted. Klopper’s surrender of Tobruk resulted in a political crisis for Winston Churchill and for Jan Smuts, as the fiasco caused considerable tension within the Allied camp and within South Africa. On re-examination, interesting facts have emerged from the primary source material, as to the state of the Tobruk defences and of its unfortunate commander and how the United Kingdom, acting in concert with South Africa, sought to suppress the true facts. Immediate post-war memory has been shaped and distorted by sensitive political considerations that affected relations between South Africa and the United Kingdom. Thereafter, the memory of Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk was relegated first by a nationalistic Afrikaner government and then since by a democratically elected government, both of which have seen very little use in incorporating these two milestones into the national memory.

War used to be easy to define. Once, we could say with confidence whether we were at war or peace. If the former, we could identify with whom we were fighting and where the front was. Americans, in particular, have for a long time had the good fortune of being able to say that the war—any war—was “over there.”

These concepts have deep roots—in the West, anyway. In ancient Rome, for example, a particular class of priests called fetiales officiated the onset of war by throwing a ceremonial spear into an enemy’s territory and opening the doors of the temple of Janus. Bringing war to an end has traditionally been just as ceremonial—think of Vercingetorix laying his sword at Caesar’s feet, Lee and Grant’s meeting at Appomattox, or Emperor Hirohito’s representatives signing documents of unconditional surrender on board the USS Missouri in 1945.

Things are certainly more complicated today. The United States and its allies have been “at war” for almost two decades, yet it is difficult at times to explain the who, the why, or at times even the where. What happened?

מאמר זה מבקש לתאר ולהגדיר את תפיסת התכסית האנושית, שהתפתחה
בצבא האמריקאי לאור ניסיונו באפגניסטן ובעיראק. המאמר יעמוד על הסיבות
שהובילו את הצבא האמריקאי לפתח תפיסה זאת; יתמקד בתשתית התיאורטית
ובזיקות שבין התכסית האנושית לבין מודיעין תרבותי ואינטליגנציה תרבותית.
כל אלה, לאור הניסיון האמריקאי והישראלי בזירות העימות השונות.

Artykuł ukazuje zagrożenie operacjami informacyjno-psychologicznymi jako podstawowy element prowadzenia walki informacyjnej. W tekście stawiana jest teza, że katalog prowadzonych wrogich działań staje się głównym narzędziem prowadzonej obecnie geopolityki i będzie zyskiwał na znaczeniu. Autor wskazuje służby specjalne jako fizycznego wykonawcę działań i ukazuje bezpośrednie zagrożenia dla Polski ze strony Federacji Rosyjskiej. Walka informacyjna, operacje informacyjno-psychologiczne i zarządzanie refleksyjne mają niebagatelny wpływ na bezpieczeństwo informacyjne państwa, a przez to na żywotne interesy Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Many academics and policy-makers have misunderstood or ignored this trinity, however, and in different ways. Firstly, the the trinitarian analysis is a tool, not a ‘formula’ or doctrine, 3 secondly the trinity of the state – the ‘Summersian Trinity’ – has been misused,4 thirdly, that armies since the 1990s have attempted to forgo the trinity and its effects.5 This essay, elaborating on these misunderstandings and ignorance, will firstly illustrate where Clausewitz’s critics go wrong, then highlight how the trinity, both as a whole and in its individual elements, is still of such value in the twenty-first century.

The 15-16th century is new era in the Hungarian history, when due to the West-European ideological and political changes, and the Turkish conquest in the Balkan, the Hungarian thinking on the justification of warfare changed. Because of the western humanist political theory, and constant defensive wars against the Turks on the Balkan brought about the appearance of the ideology of “Bastion of Christianity”. The content of the ideology is that, Hungary as a bastion protects the fortress of European Christianity, and the appearance of which shows that the place of Hungary radically changed in the European Christianity.

A 15-16. század olyan új korszak Magyarország történelmében, amikor a nyugat-európai eszmei és politikai változásoknak, illetve a dél-keleti török előre törésnek köszönhetően átalakult a háború igazoltságáról való gondolkozás. A humanista államelmélet, egyrészt, illetve a török előre töréssel védekezésre kényszerített európai kereszténység keleti határvidékén ebben az időszakban jelent meg a „kereszténység védőbástyája” háborús ideológia. Az ideológia tartalma, hogy Magyarország bástyaként védelmezi az európai kereszténység várát, és amelynek a korszakban való megjelenése azt jelzi, hogy Magyarország helyzete megváltozott a keresztény Európában.


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The Cultural Strategy of the Multinational Coalition from the Theatre of Operations Afghanistan is focused on the strengthening the collaboration and the cultural knowledge in between the participants, aiming to increase the efficiency of the mission at all levels. The analysis of the documents proved that it is extremely useful, being enriched by the empiric research conducted inside "RESOLUTE SUPPORT MISSION" Headquarters in Kabul, Afghanistan, a research that brought essential elements regarding the cultural practice. The experience gained during the last twenty years of conflicts has demonstrated the need of a continuous training of the military personnel in cultural/linguistic training centers with multinational attendance where, additional to the specialized personnel in this domain to be invited also military and civilian personnel that have been in the Theatre of Operations. The initial expenditures of such a kind of training process are far less than the human casualties generated by the lack of cultural knowledge.

- Az utolsó akadály is elhárult az elől, hogy az Egyesült Államok kormánya mesterlövészpuskákat és páncéltörő rakétarendszert szállítson Ukrajnának, miután 2018. március 1-jén a külügyminisztérium is jóváhagyta a szállításokról szóló elnöki döntést.
- Az átadott amerikai fegyverek jelentősen növelik majd az ukrán erők ellenálló képességét, csökkentve az orosz/szeparatista erők jelenleg meglévő katonai fölényét.
- Ugyanakkor sem a mesterlövészpuskák, sem a Javelin páncéltörőrakéta-rendszer nem teszik képessé az ukrán haderőt arra, hogy semlegesítse az orosz/szeparatista erők meghatározó fölényét a tüzérség, az elektronikai hadviselés, illetve – drónok révén – a légierő terén. Kijev tehát az amerikai fegyverek beérkezését követően sem válik majd képessé arra, hogy a siker esélyével indítson nagyobb támadó műveleteket Kelet-Ukrajnában.
- Ilyen értelemben a fegyverszállítások nem az eszkaláció esélyét növelik, hanem éppenséggel az eszkaláció ellen hatnak, mivel jelentősen megdrágítják az orosz/szeparatista erők számára, hogy a katonai status quo megváltoztatásával próbálkozzanak.
- A fegyverszállítások valódi fontosságát politikai jelentőségük adja.
- Az amerikai döntés által irritált Moszkva várhatóan nem katonai, hanem aszimmetrikus (politikai, információs, gazdasági stb.) válaszokkal reagál majd.

Norway has based its security on aid from great military powers, and is therefore a useful site for examining the idea of complicit masculinities: a position that benefits from the current social order, and thus complying with dominant group interests and hegemonic ideals. This chapter illustrates how such a position led Norway to take an active part in Western interventionism, resulting in a military transformation that challenged national identity, the traditional hegemonic masculinity ideal and the established gender order. This caused a struggle over military identity. By examining this identity struggle the chapter contributes to the broader debates of masculinities, how they work, how they are linked to hierarchical social structures, and how military masculinity is challenged by women’s bodies.

Fortunately, there is a science-based approach that can protect Pakistan from both internal and external threats. It is appropriately termed, Invincible Defence Technology (IDT), because it assures invincibility, peace and even economic progress, to the nation and the military that employ it.

Its methods have been proven and adopted as part of the training of America's future commanders at Norwich University, a nationally respected and oldest military academy in the USA. IDT is further validated by 23 peer-reviewed studies carried out in both developed and developing nations. Its coherence-creating effect has also been documented on a global scale in a study published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. When large assemblies of civilian IDT experts gathered during the years 1983 - 1985, international conflict decreased 32%, terrorism-related casualties decreased 72%, and overall violence was reduced in nations without intrusion by other governments.

The paper offers analysis of the discourses on the Great War (World War I) and of the practices of the culture of remembrance in interwar Lithuania. The research addresses the scope and the nature of literary fiction dealing with the theme of the Great War in interwar Lithuania (with the focus on the literary merits of translated works by foreign authors and of those by local authors, the ‘upsurge’ of and changes in the fiction on war), and the significance of the war to the public at large; the research also expands on the practices of the commemoration of the Great War and on the maintenance of military cemeteries in interwar Lithuania. On the one hand, literature on war in interwar Lithuania was an object of analysis, while, on the other hand, it represented a field of publishing industry with the works by foreign authors translated and local authors published. The Great War was a landmark event for a whole generation. It changed people’s lives and attitudes to war, and opened up new horizons for war fiction. Multitudes of young gifted people had to spend several years at the front because of universal conscription. Later they wrote books often based on their own experience, or even their diaries, that became literary classics. In Lithuania translated works came first: the publication of the novel
All Quiet on the Western Front can be considered a turning point that was followed by the works of Lithuanian authors. In a sense, the 1930s were a time of a breakthrough for the literature on the subject of the Great War in Lithuania. Certain episodes of the Great War, such as its outbreak and causes, the German occupation, and the military actions reflecting the war experience of the Lithuanians (1914 in East Prussia, the battle of Augustów in 1915, and the fall of Kaunas Fortress)
were actualised in interwar Lithuania. Such a situation stemmed from geographical and national reasons: the said operations took place on the ‘Lithuanian lands’ with numerous involvement of the Lithuanians. There were controversial judgements on the war: on the one hand, it had caused heavy casualties and immense material losses leading to moral decay and changes in the heretofore familiar mode of life and mindset. On the other hand, the war ‘woke up’ the Lithuanian nation and created
conditions for the restoration of the Lithuanian state, which was straightforwardly referred to as a true miracle and was thought impossible were it not for the Great War (followed by the fall of three European empires). The casualties of the Great War therefore came to be seen as a sacrifice on the ‘altar of freedom’ of Lithuania and this
claim was further reinforced by the fact that a great number of Lithuanian soldiers took part in the Great War serving in the armies of other countries (in particular those of Russia, Germany, and the United States) and many of them perished on various fronts.

The Azerbaijani military portal Azerideffence.com recently published information about Baku acquiring French ASTER 30-SAMP/T and VL MICA air-defense missile systems. A representative of the company producing these missile systems—MBDA—confirmed the information. Several days later, the Russian newspaper Kommersant informed that Moscow had refused to sell Baku the Bal-E coastal missile system despite Azerbaijan’s huge interest in purchasing it.

Discussion of the importance of water in environmental security, implications for military operations and strategy, and how civilian university research can cooperate with sustainability and security efforts. Written with Shannon O'Lear and Michael Denning.

The public exposure of the Sukhoi/KnAAPO T-50/I-21/Article 701 PAK-FA or Перспективный Авиационный Комплекс Фронтовой Авиации following the 29th January, 2010, test flight has provided sufficient high resolution imagery, video camera footage, and incidental disclosures to perform an initial technical, techno-strategic, and strategic assessment of this new high performance low observable multirole fighter design. The observed prototype design employs an interim supercruising and thrust vectoring engine, common to the production Su-35S Flanker. The configuration is intended to validate aerodynamic and systems performance, and is clearly not intended for full validation of low observables performance. A new 35 - 40 klbf class 3D TVC supercruising engine for the PAK-FA is currently being developed by NPO Saturn. Analysis of PAK-FA prototype airframe shaping shows a design which has forward fuselage, inlet, upper fuselage, wing and tail surface airframe Very Low Observable (VLO/stealth) ...

This article surveys American eye prosthetics during the World Wars beginning with the shortage of glass eyes during the First World War. It also looks at attempts to address prosthetic eye needs in the Second World War through the acrylic eye program, the use of contact lenses, and a group of Americans seeking to show their patriotism by donating their own eyeballs to blinded veterans.

A biztonság fogalma jelentősen átalakult az elmúlt évtizedekben. A kétpólusú világrend felbomlott, többpólusúvá vált és régi biztonságpolitikai kihívások helyett újak jelentek meg, melyek váratlanabbak, bizonytalanabbak, kiszámíthatatlanabbak. Továbbá más típusú védelmi képességeket igényelnek, mint az előző történelmi időszakokban. A nemzetközi szövetségi rendszerek, mint az ENSZ, az EBESZ, a NATO és az EU közös kül-biztonság-és védelempolitikája jelentős garancia a kollektív védelemben, de közel sem elégséges a nemzeti biztonsághoz. A háborúk helyett a válságreagáló és a béketámogató műveletek léptek előtérbe. A megváltozott szerkezetű és súlyozású biztonságpolitikai kihívások mind nagyobb része tartozik a nemzetbiztonsági illetve titkosszolgálatok illetékességi körébe. A hírszerzésnek és elhárításnak a megelőzésen alapuló védelmi és érdekérvényesítési szerepe döntő egy nemzet életképességében.

Genezy obrony totalnej (total defence) należy szukać u klasyków myśli wojskowej. Carl von Clauzewitz poświęcił uwagę możliwości zaangażowania ludności cywilnej w wojnę prowadzoną przez państwo, odnotowując, że jest to potencjał, który należy umiejętnie wykorzystać. Kluczowym założeniem koncepcji obrony totalnej jest szybka i powszechna mobilizacja ludności zdolnej do walki w przypadku zaistnienia zagrożenia wojną.

Wchodząc w kontakt z przedstawicielem innej kultury, spotykamy się jednocześnie z indywidualnym człowiekiem, który może prezentować odmienny od typowego dla danej grupy stylu zachowania lub wpisywać się całkowicie w znane nam stereotypy 
i uprzedzenia . Posługiwanie się kategoriami stereotypowymi pomaga ludziom w zrozumieniu otaczającej ich rzeczywistości, umożliwia organizowanie doświadczeń i wrażeń, przewidywanie dalszych zachowań ludzi, z którymi mają do czynienia , stereotyp może mieć zabarwienie pozytywne lub negatywne. Według Jerzego Bartmińskiego uprzedzenia są „zwykle efektem ignorancji, narzędziem kompensowania własnych kompleksów” , uprzedzenia są „odporne” na racjonalną argumentację i przez to trudno zamienialne.