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1990, Applied Optics
A varied-space grating mounted to both rotate and translate constitutes a practical single element fixed slit monochromator which is in focus at all wavelengths. Monochromators, diffraction gratings, grazing incidence, x-ray optics.
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1992, Applied Optics
A new geometric scheme translates a diffraction grating along the straight central groove of an exponentially curved pattern. Lit by a stationary incident beam, the two-dimensional pattern scales isotropically, scanning wavelength without change to any angles, macroscopic distances, curvatures or aberrations. This is exemplified by a new class of self-focused grating monochromator, analyzed by rigorous light-path expansion and numerical raytracing. All spectral aberrations in pure meridional powers (including defocus, coma and spherical aberration) cancel for any angular deviation, magnification and translation range. The residual mixed powers yield Δλ/λ = 〖10〗^(-3) ~ 〖10〗^(-5) in the soft x-ray for plane and concave gratings at grazing incidence. Over the visible spectrum, Δλ/λ ~ 〖10〗^(-4) is shown for plane gratings mounted at Littrow and at normal incidence in reflection or transmission.
Concerted rotations of a self-focused varied line-space diffraction grating about its groove axis and surface normal define a new geometric class of monochromator. Defocusing is canceled, while the scanned wavelength is reinforced at fixed conjugate distances and horizontal deviation angle. This enables high spectral resolution over a wide band, and is of particular advantage at grazing reflection angles. A new, rigorous light-path formulation employs non-paraxial reference points to isolate the lateral ray aberrations, with those of power-sum ď 3 explicitly expanded for a plane grating. Each of these 14 Fermat equations agrees precisely with the value extracted from numerical raytrace simulations. An example soft X-ray design (6 ˝ deviation angle and 2 ˆ 4 mrad aperture) attains a resolving power ą 25, 000 over a three octave scan range. The proposed rotation scheme is not limited to plane surfaces or monochromators, providing a new degree of freedom in optical design. Grating rotation about its third (meridional) axis may be employed to cancel vertical deflection of the diffracted beam while maintaining the above aberration correction. This enables a simpler (pure rotary) motion for the exit slit and a fixed beam direction both horizontally and vertically.
1986, Applied Optics
Page 1. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS This section was established to reduce the lead time for the publication of Letters containing new, significant material in rapid-ly advancing areas of optics judged compelling in their timeliness. ...
1988, Applied Optics
Page 1. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS This section was established to reduce the lead time for the publication of Letters containing new, significant material in rapid ly advancing areas of optics judged compelling in their timeliness. ...
A classically ruled diffraction grating consists of grooves which are equidistant, straight and parallel. Conversely the so-called "holographic" grating (formed by the interfering waves of coherent visible light) , although severely constrained by the recording wavelength and recording geometry, has grooves which are typically neither equidistant, straight nor parallel. In contrast a varied line-space (VLS) grating, in common nomenclature, is a design in which the groove positions are relatively unconstrained yet possess sufficient symmetry to permit mechanical ruling. Such seemingly exotic gratings are no longer only a theoretical curiosity, but have been ruled and used in a wide variety of applications. These include 1) aberration-corrected normal incidence concave gratings for Seya-Namioka monochromators and optical de-multiplexers, 2) flat-field grazing incidence concave gratings for plasma diagnostics, 3) aberration-corrected grazing incidence plane gratings for space-borne spectrometers, 4) focusing grazing incidence plane grating for synchrotron radiation monochromators, and 5) wavefront generators for visible interferometry of optical surfaces (particularly aspheres). Future prospects of VLS gratings as dispersing elements, wavefront correctors and beamsplitters appear promising. I discuss the history of VLS gratings, their present applications and their potential in the future.
1988, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
1986, AIP Conference Proceedings
Varied-space grazing incidence gratings in high resolution scanning spectrometers. [AIP Conference Proceedings 147, 237 (1986)]. Michael C. Hettrick, James H. Underwood. Abstract. We discuss the dominant geometrical aberrations ...
1985, Applied Optics
Quantitative estimates are provided of the imaging performance expected from a varied line-space echelle spectrometer.
1997, Applied Optics
1994, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
1993, Applied Optics
1986, Applied Optics
... 138, 237 (1985). P. Kirkpatrick and AV Baez, "Formation of Optical Images by X-rays," J. Opt. ... (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1983), p. 253. A. Franks, B. Gale, K. Lindsey, DJ Pugh, CJ Robbie, and M. Stedman, "Optical Components for X-ray Microscopy," Ann. ...
1998
An experiment for vacuum UV emission and photoabsorption spectroscopy usmg a normal incidence multi-channel spectrometer is described. Two detection configurations were used in the experiments, one a Channel Electron Multiplier Anay with Photo Diode Array readout ( CEMA / PDA), the other a directly illuminated back thmned Charge Coupled Device ( CCD ). Emission spectra of plasmas of a number of low and high Z target matenals were recorded covering the majority of the vacuum UV spectral region ( 35 to 200 nm ). These experiments were designed mainly to study the nature of the emission ( line versus continuum) and it’s dependence on atomic number. The use of two detection configurations allowed for mter comparisons to be made on resolution, efficiency and dynamic range of the two multi-channel detector and spectrometer systems. Experiments were also performed on photoabsorption by helium gas. The spectra thus obtamed were used to help charactense the system’s application to absorption...
1985, Applied Optics
Michael C. Hettrick and Stuart Bowyer University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720. Received 16 August 1984. Sponsored by WR Hunter, Naval Research Laboratory. 0003-6935/84/213732-04 $02.00/0.© 1984 Optical Society of ...
1984, Applied Optics
2005, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
1994, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
1998, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena
2014, Review of Scientific Instruments
2000, Applied Optics
1996, Review of Scientific Instruments
2021
1Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. 3Research Laboratory of Lasers (RLL)-Group of Laser Development (GoLD), SBASSE, Department of Physics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54792, Pakistan. Abstract We report the design simulation of the Raman spectrometer using optical system design software Zemax. The design is based on the Czerny-turner configuration which includes an optical system consisting of an entrance slit, two concave mirrors, reflecting type diffraction grating, and an image detector. The system's modelling approach is suggested by introducing the corresponding relationship between detector pixels and wavelength, linear CCD receiving surface length, and image surface dimension. Simulations have been carried out using the POP (Physical Optics Prop...
2000, J Mod Optic
2007, Space Science Reviews
1983, Applied Optics
1996
1984, Application, Theory, and Fabrication of Periodic Structures, DiffractionGratings, and Moire Phenomena II
ABSTRACT Recent work in the design of soft X-ray and extreme UV spectrographs has identified a new class of reflection gratings whose aberrations do not increase at grazing incidence. To achieve this characteristic, the groove spacings are varied in a continuous manner across a plano grating aperture. Ray traces of the concentric groove grating, the oriental fan grating and variations illustrate their potential for space astronomy and laboratory applications in the wavelength range of approximately λλ10-1000 Å. Both straight-groove and concentric-groove patterns have been successfully fabricated with varied line spacings through mechanical ruling techniques. A concave varied line-space grating has been measured to achieve 70% of its theoretical efficiency in the extreme UV. An interferometric method of fabrication is also discussed, in which the recording wavelength is scaled-up into the far UV or even visible region of the spectrum. This holographic grating is designated "Type V." Two interferometers capable of recording grating wavefront aberrations in the extreme UV and soft X-ray are proposed.
2004, Applied Optics
1995, Solar Physics
2001, Optical Review
2004, AIP Conference Proceedings
2008, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
2004, UV and Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Systems
1984, Applied Optics
ABSTRACT
2008, Applied Physics B-lasers and Optics
We present a simple, very compact, and inexpensive spectrometer for diffuse source spectroscopy using only a volume hologram (recorded by two spherical beams) and a CCD camera (or a detector array). We show that this spectrometer can operate well under spatially incoherent light illumination. We also show that the resolution of this spectrometer can be optimized by proper selection of the location of the CCD camera (or the detector array). The results show the possibility of using optimized holographic optical elements as the integrated collimating, dispersive, and light-collective components of spectrometers.
2001, Laser-Assisted Microtechnology 2000