Gardens

The soil mantle of the tropical karst landscapes of southern Mexico was a key resource for ancient Maya agriculture and experienced deep transformation due to long-term human impacts under changing environmental conditions. We conducted a comparative analysis of three compound soil toposequences in mountainous (Sierra de Chiapas/Middle Usumacinta Valley, Busiljá, and Chinikihá archaeological sites) and platform (NE Yucatán Peninsula, Yalahau region) karst landscapes to reconstruct general tendencies and regional variations in pedodiversity development and soil–human interactions since the Early Preclassic Period. Toposequence characterization is based on macro- and micromorphological observations, accompanied by a suite of laboratory data. Calcareous upland geoforms of all toposequences have similar soil combinations consisting of shallow Rendzina and deep red clayey Terra Rossa types of profiles. We argue that Rendzinas, now dominant in the upland soil cover, in most cases, are not a product of incipient pedogenesis on limestone; they have developed from the residues of Terra Rossa soils after their advanced erosion. Pedosediments generated by ancient soil erosion have been found in the piedmont and depression positions in the mountainous landscapes of Chiapas, as a result of lateral downslope soil removal, and in the subsurface karstic cavities in the platform of NE Yucatán, indicating vertical “soil piping.” The soils of the lowland domains show contrasting differences between the toposequences: gleyic clay–rich soils and humic alluvial soils prevail in Chinikihá and Busiljá, whereas hydromorphic carbonate soils have formed in Yalahau karstic depressions. These differences in the lowland soil properties led to divergent ancient Maya land use strategies; in Chinikihá and Busiljá, the major agricultural domain was developed in the lowlands, implying largescale artificial drainage. On the contrary, in Yalahau, mostly upland Rendzinas were cultivated, implying “precision agriculture” and “container gardening.”

This contribution discusses the agricultural units defined as gardens (giš-kiri 6 or giš-nu-kiri 6) in the archive of Palace G at Ebla. Here, gardens can be understood as consisting of fruit tree groves, although the available documentation does not offer many hints at the kinds of crops cultivated in these plots. Indeed, most evidence rather concerns the relevant workers, among which can be distinguished proper "gardeners" (giš-nu-kiri 6), that is, adult male skilled workers; "apprentice gardeners" (dumu-nita giš-nu-kiri 6), who could be the sons of gardeners; and, sporadically, also women (dam). Individuals from both foreign and local centers are classified as gardeners. Indeed, garden produce was not simply conceived as foodstuffs for consumption, but also as delicacies employed within diplomacy between states.

Comme de nombreuses paroisses de la banlieue de Paris, le village du Grand Charonne (auj. 20e arrondissement) est un lieu de villégiature prisé des élites parisiennes dès le Moyen Âge. Le phénomène est bien documenté à partir du XVIIe siècle et les sources des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles permettent de le mesurer avec précision. Il atteint son apogée à la fin de l’Ancien Régime. « La situation de ce village sur la pente d’un coteau fait que l’on y voit de jolies maisons de campagne », nous dit Thiéry dans son Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, publié en 1787. On y dénombre alors près d’une trentaine de maisons qui, avec leurs jardins clos, occupent la majeure partie de l’agglomération villageoise. Le plus souvent construites sur des parcelles initialement destinées à l’habitat et à l’exploitation agricoles, elles disparaissent progressivement à partir de la Révolution, à la faveur d’un mouvement que l’on pourrait qualifier de « reconquête horticole ».

Like many parishes in the suburbs of Paris, the village of Grand Charonne (now the 20th arrondissement) has been a popular holiday destination for the Parisian elite since the Middle Ages. The phenomenon is well documented from the seventeenth century onwards and sources from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries allow it to be measured precisely. It reached its peak at the end of the Ancien Régime. "The location of this village on the slope of a hillside means that one can see pretty country houses," Thiéry tells us in his Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, published in 1787. At the time, there were nearly thirty houses which, with their walled gardens, occupied most of the village agglomeration. Most often built on plots of land initially intended for housing and farming, they gradually disappeared from the Revolution onwards, thanks to a movement that could be described as a "horticultural reconquest".

School gardens have been present in the educational space of the Polish school for many years. In recent decades, however, they have ceased to be appreciated. Efforts have been made to modernize laboratories, they have been equipped with measuring instruments, digital devices and multimedia equipment. A natural laboratory, which a garden in fact is, has become a symbol of the past. It remained only in few schools, performing rather an aesthetic function, less often didactic or educational one. The present article depicts a historical outline, shows earlier and currently noticed possibilities of using school gardens in Poland. An analysis of previous studies on gardens is presented as well. A contemporary design of a school garden was proposed to prepare students of pedagogical faculties for activities in the garden with children. School gardens may contribute to the prevention of "nature deficit" (Louv 2014, 54), they may give a sense of closeness to nature also in urban realities 1. M. Vogt-Kostecka notes that the fear of dirt, wind and ticks limits children's free play in a meadow and in a forest. Limited access to nature is particularly visible among urban children (Vogt-Kostecka 2017, 11). Gradually, the view of school gardens has been changing and their therapeutic potential (hortitherapy) is noticed.

Gardens include not only art but also nature. According to different relationships between art and nature, this article clarifies five types of gardens: the French-style gardens, the English-style gardens, topiary gardens, Japanese gardens, and Chinese gardens. Based on this clarification, this article argues that Chinese gardens follow the lead of the essential qualities of art instead of the essential qualities of nature. With "borrowing" and "following", the natural elements in Chinese gardens extend to the field of art. The boundaries between art and nature are erased. The aesthetic appreciation of Chinese gardens challenges the "positive aesthetics", which is prevalent in contemporary environmental aesthetics, and endorses a "negative aesthetics", which we can find its supports in traditional Chinese philosophy.

Статья посвящена проблеме формирования туристско­рекреационных кластеров (ТРК) на особо охраняемых при­родных территориях (ООПТ) в Арктической зоне Российской Федерации (АЗРФ). Вопросы выявления особенностей взаимодействия туристической деятельности в северных регионах на ООПТ недостаточно разработаны, что на практике может привести к утрате ценных природных элементов, а также к деградации городов и поселений, находящихся непосред­ственно в зоне влияния природного окружения. Каждое новое созданное пространство на природной территории оставляет экологический след, и благодаря непрерывно развивающемуся обществу происходит постоянное пре­образование существующих природных структур, что часто приводит к деградации природного ландшафта «под напором посетителей». В связи с этим возникает вопрос о соблюдении строгих требований к сохранению окружающей среды и создании экологических методов использования природных территорий, так как развитие рекреационной деятельности неизбежно ведёт к их и...

The main aim of the study was to explore the perceptions, opinions and experiences of a specific
population in relation to the global lifestyle that emerged as a result of the pandemic. The study
seeks to uncover how people’s residences positively or negatively affected their mental wellbeing with resolutions to transform certain residential spaces into multifunctional spaces for
work, school, church and recovery after the pandemic season and for possible future crises that
may require solitude and disconnection from external environment. Additionally the study aimed
to examine whether these lifestyle changes during the pandemic still persist even after the
pandemic has ended. In light of this, the researcher reflected on certain residential spaces that
should be rethought, redesigned, retouched, or enhanced, with approaches that support or sustain
the mental well-being of the end user. The outcome of the findings would serve to educate
clients to also prioritise mental wellbeing when consulting designers for their residential projects
this will in turn encourage Architects and Interior Designers to deliver sustainable designs that
prioritize health and well-being rather than mainly focusing on facade aesthetics, building
form and the external environmental sustainability. This psychological approach for indoor
residential environment is as important as designs that mainly focus on the sustainability of the
external environment towards the reduction of greenhouse emissions and climate change control
at the time of design. Like a psychologist's empathy during a counselling session, the interest,
needs, and concerns of the end user/residents will also be a major focus.
This research was conducted using qualitative method of research which involved interviews,
carried out randomly, alongside public surveys and personal observations. The research was
conducted mostly in two countries, Ghana and Madagascar, details of reasons can be found in
the scope of study. Firstly for a deeper understanding of spaces, this research was conducted, to
Learn from the negative psychological effect of isolated and quarantine spaces on the human
psyche during and after the global pandemic, to uncover how it happens. By answering the
question ‘how do extended periods indoors affect the psychological well-being of inhabitants of
Ghana and Madagascar? the researcher studied through secondary data, primary data, and
observation to discover how it happens. Secondly Data were also collected to verify the level of
public awareness of the problem by gathering information on past and present indoor
experiences and impacts during and after the pandemic.
Focusing on residential indoor spaces, the results of this research shows that the common
Ghanaian or Malagasy residential house is not designed to sustain mental well-being therefore
many of the respondents confirmed they were affected psychologically during the lockdowns and
isolation period. The introduction and questions of this research enlightened participants and
respondents to recall their experiences during the pandemic season and after. The findings of this
research recommends a modified designed approach called Eunoiaphilic Architecture, which is
an integration of Biophilic design and Eunoia design.
This merged approach will cause the residential indoor environment to carry a new and deeper
meaning and sense of place and space. Clients will understand that beauty is not enough, and it is
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not just about floors walls and roof, but the need to dwell in spaces that support and sustains their
mental well-being. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of Eunoiaphilic spaces and
their potential benefits for psychological well-being. By staying connected to nature, individuals
experience higher levels of positive emotions, reduced stress, and enhanced cognitive
functioning. Stimulating the brain through innovative design elements promotes creativity and a
sense of purpose. Moreover, the integration of Eunoiaphilic principles in home environments
offers a holistic approach to psychological sustainability, accommodating individual lifestyle
changes and uncertainties.
This would prompt clients to consider seeking guidance from skilled architects specialized in
designing spaces that prioritize both physical and mental well-being. The significance of
incorporating psychological sustainability into architectural and interior design practices will
further encourage architects and interior designers to prioritize the creation of spaces that support
mental well-being, rather than solely focusing on luxury and aesthetics.
Moreover, the study's results underscore the necessity of developing AI technologies such as
Autodesk or 3D psychological simulation software to aid in the design of Eunoiaphilic spaces.
Such software or plug-ins would serve as invaluable tools for architects and designers, enabling
them to generate spaces that holistically promote health and mental well-being. By inputting
various parameters into the software, such as dimensions, lighting, materials, and color schemes,
it would generate 2D or 3D simulations of the space, providing insights into its potential
psychological impacts. These simulations could also provide valuable information regarding the
emotional responses occupants might experience within the space, including feelings of
tranquility, productivity, and creativity, peace of mind, excitement, healing, restoration and
rejuvenation

Estudio de propuesta de proyecto en rediseño/remodelación de espacio exterior para una Escuela Básica/Elemental enfocado principalmente al contexto local del patrimonio de la cultura precolombina Valdivia en Chanduy, Comuna Pechiche, Prov. de Santa Elena.

Para el diseño de áreas verdes en la zona posterior de la cancha deportiva de la escuela se toma inspiración de la cultura Valdivia referente con su alfarería en el Periodo Formativo. Sus objetos expresan el uso de la línea recta y la simetría con tonalidades terrosas entre rojo y marrón, debido al uso del barro.
El objetivo es establecer una identidad a la institución y fomentar el conocimiento y preservación cultural en los estudiantes, maestros y padres de familia de la comunidad.

W artykule, w świetle źródeł dokumentalnych (w szczególności Inwentarzy klucza międzyboskiego), podano informacje o jedynym istniejącym w XVIII wieku obiekcie regularnego ogrodnictwa w międzyboskich dobrach Sieniawskich ­ Czartoryskich: tzw «ogrodu włoskiego» na przedmieściu Międzyboża we wsi Stawnica. Podano historię jego powstania, opis tekstowy i kartograficzny, wykaz rodzajów roślin ogrodowych i budowli. Podkreślono różnice w stosunku do klasycznej koncepcji ogrodu włoskiego.

In this paper I introduce my new project in philosophical practice and community philosophy called garden philosophy or philosophy in the garden. In many senses, this is very similar to the usual philosophical café, but organized in a community garden, in this case at downtown Budapest. The garden, and especially an urban community garden, as a complex multispecies community, provides not only a good environment for philosophical conversations, but a strong philosophical foundation, a metaphysics of community philosophy practices, a model and a metaphor, based on the interconnectedness of minds. The garden philosophy, a modern version of Epicurus' philosophical practice, thus connects new insights on the world of plants, the entanglements of various life forms, community philosophy and the long tradition of philosophy as a way of life.

Les végétaux - sous forme de graines, de fruits, de plants - ont de tous temps voyagé au gré des circulations des différents collectifs du vivant, parmi lesquels les sociétés humaines. La dissémination des végétaux autour du monde par les humains a souvent accompagné les conquêtes - militaires, religieuses, économiques et à visées coloniales. Elle a même souvent été encouragée par des politiques d'accaparement des savoirs et des savoir-faire techniques, à l'exemple de celles qui sont à l'origine des grandes explorations naturalistes réalisées par les puissances coloniales. Les sociétés d'accueil de ces végétaux se les sont appropriés et ont créé, à leur tour, de nouveaux discours, et mis au point de nouvelles techniques pour les façonner à leur image. De fait, les patrimoines culinaires et paysagers que nous connaissons aujourd'hui sont le résultat de ces circulations végétales intensives. Cette mise en ordre du monde végétal par les sociétés d'accueil s'est accompagnée d'un traitement cognitif des Autres et des Ailleurs, c'est-à-dire de production d'altérités.

Ce colloque propose de poser un regard sur quelques trajectoires de végétaux et les altérités qu'elles construisent, pour les mettre en perspective avec les débats actuels sur les grands enjeux migratoires et écologiques contemporains. A l'heure des dérèglements climatiques, des pandémies, de l'afflux toujours plus important de migrants et d'un mouvement de contraction des circulations à l'échelle globale ; associé à une augmentation des restrictions aux frontières, de nouveaux discours sur l'altérité émergent. Parmi ceux-ci,  la question de l'identité et du statut des plantes s'impose à nous de façon évidente.

Lors de ce colloque, nous proposerons une réflexion en deux temps : le premier jour, nous mettrons en lumière la façon dont la circulation des végétaux et la construction de l'altérité se donnent à voir dans nos sociétés, à l'ère de l'anthropocène, où les plantes sont considérées comme des objets ou de simples marchandises que les humains peuvent déplacer et dont ils peuvent disposer.
Le second jour, nous inverserons la perspective, pour proposer un regard et une base de réflexion sur la façon dont les végétaux peuvent être les sujets et les acteurs des processus migratoires et écologiques actuels.

Ces deux journées seront rythmées par les présentations des membres de l'équipe et des discussions sous forme de table-ronde, avec des invités externes, spécialistes des thèmes abordés. Des projections vidéos viendront ponctuer la programmation.

The purpose of this essay consists in reading Thomas Browne’s treatise The Garden of Cyrus, published in 1658, with a specific attention to the role of the figure of the garden, aiming at circumscribing what, in the comprehensive account of Browne’s philosophy of nature, can be con- sidered as the elaboration of an original philosophy of garden. In the first part, we will introduce the main topics of the treatise from a nar- rative, historical and conceptual point of view, with a focus on the idea of quincunx. We will proceed analysing the Garden from the perspec- tive of the architecture of the text itself, showing how Browne traces a correspondence between form and philosophical content. The last part will be precisely focusing on the figure of the garden, considered both as a methodological resource and as a relevant philosophical concept. In this last regard, the circumscription of Browne’s philosophy of garden will move from a direct reading of the text to the comparison with specific instances and concepts belonging to contemporary thought.

L'étude historique des exèdres du jardin des Tuileries a été réalisée par Anne Allimant-Verdillon (CRBA), sur demande de Denis Dodeman (ACMH), dans le cadre du projet de restauration des exèdres du jardin des Tuileries.

Cette étude met en lumière les exèdres des Tuileries, seuls jardins "révolutionnaires" encore en place de nos jours en France.

A árvore de Ramon, também conhecida como Brosimum alicastrum, é uma árvore de grande porte pertencente à família Moraceae, originária da Mesoamérica e das Caraíbas. A árvore está amplamente distribuída no México, desde as florestas tropicais do sul até às costas do Pacífico e do Golfo, e é capaz de se desenvolver em condições de baixa humidade. Os Maias cultivavam a árvore de Ramon para utilizar as suas sementes como alimento na sua dieta, e estas árvores ainda podem ser encontradas perto de sítios arqueológicos Maias. Atualmente, a árvore de Ramon é considerada uma planta pouco explorada com elevado potencial económico. As sementes da árvore de Ramon são utilizadas para fazer bebidas e alimentos como tortilhas ou pão. A composição nutricional das sementes de Ramon ainda está a ser investigada, mas sabe-se que contêm proteínas, gordura, fibra bruta e minerais como o cobre, o potássio, o ferro e o zinco. A farinha de semente de Ramão apresenta um teor mais elevado de compostos fenólicos e de atividade antioxidante do que a farinha de milho, o que evidencia o seu potencial como substituto ou complemento na formulação de produtos alimentares. A presença de compostos como o ácido p-hidroxibenzóico, o ácido gálico, o ácido clorogénico e o ácido vanílico contribui para as suas propriedades benéficas, e a sua capacidade de funcionar como ingrediente funcional abre novas possibilidades na indústria alimentar e de suplementos nutricionais.

The first General Horticultural Exhibition in Warsaw was open at the Swiss Valley garden on 21 September 1881. Countess Aleksandra Potocka [1] and her chief horticulturists, Stanisław Górski of Wilanów and Aleksander Pajączkowski of Natolin, also attended the many competitions …
An illustrated version of the article is available in the "Passage to Knowledge" of the Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów: https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/general_horticultural_exhibition_21_september_1881.html

The flower exhibition held by August [1] and Aleksandra Potocki [2] from 19 to 21 May 1853 was an exceptionally dramatic show of Wilanów’s botanical wealth. Just as the year before, it was designed under the direction of Inspector of …
An illustrated version of the article is available in the "Passage to Knowledge" of the Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów: https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/flower_exhibition_in_wilanow_19_21_may_1853.html

Early 18th century was a time of rapid growth for the Wilanów exotic plant collection. The Wilanów owner at the time, Cracow castellaness Elżbieta Sieniawska [1], financed the reconstruction of the orangery into a brick-walled structure designed by Giovanni Spazzio …
An illustrated version of the article is available in the "Passage to Knowledge" of the Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów: https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/elzbieta_sieniawska_s_wilanow_exotic_plant_collection_in_1729.html

Pierwsza wystawa roślin w wilanowskiej oranżerii odbyła się między 17 a 19 maja 1852 roku z inicjatywy Augusta i Aleksandry Potockich, pod kierownictwem inspektora ogrodów Franciszka Peldy. Inaugurowała ona budowę wodociągów zaprojektowanych przez berlińskiego inżyniera Theodora Schramkego. Dzięki cytowanym niżej …
Ilustrowana wersja artykułu dostępna w „Pasażu Wiedzy” Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie: https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/wystawa_roslin_w_wilanowskiej_oranzerii_17_19_maja_1852_r.html

The European Route of Historic Gardens (ERHG) is a thriving organisation certified as a Cultural Route of the Council of Europe, established in 2016 on the initiative of the municipalities of Lloret de Mar and Aranjuez, and the University of Barcelona. Currently, it brings together 37 green complexes from eight countries, five institutional partners, and three independent collaborators. The Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów was officially accepted as a member in 2017. The aim of the Communication is to summarise the last five years of the institution’s activity in the fields of promotion, education, and science. This is the first report covering available literature, online publications, unpublished materials, as well as the authors’ personal experiences. The results present important information about the Museum’s activities carried out within the framework of European forums and days of historic gardens, including the representation in ERHG structures, lectures given, educational and promotional materials developed, as well as special events conducted. Important contribution was also brought through scientific projects ‘Citri et Aurea’ and studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, both carried out within the framework of the Museum’s partnership with ERHG members and scientific institutions. The results show the strong commitment of the Museum to the development of ERHG activities, as well as the strengthening of international cooperation in the field of historic gardens.

In situ phytoremediation of dyes from textile wastewater was carried out in a high rate transpiration system ridges (91.4 m × 1.0 m) cultivated independently with Tagetes patula, Aster amellus, Portulaca grandiflora and Gaillardia grandiflora which reduced American Dye Manufacturers Institute color value by 59, 50, 46 and 73%, respectively within 30 d compared to dye accumulated in unplanted ridges. Significant increase in microbial count and electric conductivity of soil was observed during phytoremediation. Reduction in the contents of macro (N, P, K and C), micro (B, Cu, Fe and Mn) elements and heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb and Cr) was observed in the soil from planted ridges due to phyto-treatment. Root tissues of these plants showed significant increase in the specific activities of oxido-reductive enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, laccase, veratryl alcohol oxidase, tyrosinase and azo reductase during decolorization of textile dyes from soil. Anatomical studies of plants roots reve...

Jestem historykiem architektury i procesów rozwojowych miast. Pracuję naukowo w Instytucie Interdyscyplinarnych Badań Historycznych Uniwersytetu Kaliskiego im. Prezydenta Stanisława Wojciechowskiego, działam także w Kaliskim Towarzystwie Przyjaciół Nauk i Stowarzyszeniu Historyków Sztuki. Od lat moją naukową pasją są dzieje polskich miastwiększych i mniejszych: Warszawy, Kalisza czy Turku. Badania historyczne staram się łączyć z ich praktycznymi zastosowaniami (np. przy rewitalizacji czy promocji turystyki). Poniżej znajdą Państwo prezentację mojej działalności naukowej i popularyzatorskiej: przedstawienie badań, publikacji, wystąpień, ważniejszych działań, które dotąd z sukcesem przeprowadziłem. Dzieje budowania i rozwoju miast na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wiekuw czasie kluczowym dla naszej obecnej cywilizacji-są moją pasją, podobnie jak wykładanie, mówienie o przeszłości, spotkania z publicznością oraz Czytelniczkami i Czytelnikami. Badanie przeszłości, aby lepiej zrozumieć teraźniejszość, codzienność-daje mi energię, której pozytywnym wyrazem są zrealizowane przeze mnie badania, publikacje, a także-rekomendacje i opinie o mojej pracy, które również znajdziecie Państwo poniżej.

Decentralized composting has been proposed as a best available practice, with a highly positive impact on municipal solid wastes management plans. However, in cold climates, decentralized small-scale composting performance to reach thermophilic temperatures (required for the product sanitization) could be poor, due to a lack of critical mass to retain heat. In addition, in these systems the composting process is usually disturbed when new portions of fresh organic waste are combined with previous batches. This causes modifications in the well-known composting evolution pattern. The objective of this work was to improve the understanding of these technical aspects through a real-scale decentralized composting experience carried out under cold climate conditions, in order to assess sanitization performance and to study the effects of fresh feedstock additions in the process evolution. Kitchen and garden organic wastes were composted in 500 L-static compost bins (without turning) for 2...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in the physicochemical properties of different species of edible flowers in the postharvest period. Flowers of Viola cornuta (light or dark colored), Viola tricolor, Antirrhinum majus, Dianthus chinensis, and Tagetes patula were selected, packed, and placed in a cold chamber of the BOD type, at 5±1°C and 90–95% relative humidity. Every two days, fresh weight loss, visual quality using a scale score, and total longevity were evaluated. The total soluble solids (SS) content, titratable acidity (TA), the SS/TA ratio, and pH were also evaluated at the time of harvest and at the end of postharvest life. There was a significant increase in the SS contents of light-colored V. cornuta, V. tricolor, and D. chinensis. A significant reduction in TA was observed in light-colored V. cornuta, V. tricolor, A. majus, and D. chinensis at the end of postharvest life. The pH value increased significantly only in T. patula flowers. The studied spec...