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2012
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2010
2011, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2010, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2001, Epilepsy & Behavior
2013, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2011, Epilepsy & Behavior
2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Seizure is an important symptom of epilepsy and many other neurogenic disorders. Despite a variety of current anti-convulsive drugs, research for discovering new drugs with more efficacy and less unsuitable adverse effects has been continued. Herbal medicine has various natural substances and proper context for this type of research. The aim of this study was to survey the anticonvulsant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of rue (Ruta graveolens) in male mice. METHODS: In this experimental study anticonvulsant effect of extract evaluated by PTZ induced seizure. Fifty-six NMRI mice in the range of 25-35 gr were divided to 7 groups of 8 mice that included five cases, one positive control group and one negative control group. Case groups have been injected by 100, 300, 500, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of extracts, positive control group 40 ml/kg phenobarbital and negative control group 10 ml/kg normal saline intraperitoneally. All groups were injected by pentylenetetrazole (80mg/kg) intraperitoneally after 45 minutes, and initiation time of myocolonic and tonic-colonic seizures and rate of 24 hours death were measured. FINDINGS: Consequences of different doses of rue hydro-alcoholic extract increased delay in initiation of myocolonic and tonic-colonic seizures rather than control group dose-dependently and reduced 24 hours seizureinduced mortality (p<0.05). Delay in myocolonic seizures in doses of 300, 500, 800 and 1000 mg/kg (p<0.001) and 100 mg/kg (p<0.01) was significant in comparison with negative control group. Delay in tonic-colonic seizures in dose of 1000 mg/kg (p<0.001) and doses of 300, 500 and 800 mg/kg (p<0.05) was significant in comparison with negative control group. CONCLUSION: Regarding to our findings, it seems that extract of this herb has decremental effect on PTZ induced seizure in male adult mice.
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke's method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Anxiety and depression are considered the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants to alleviate the symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is increasing. However, there is little scientific evidence that validates the efficacy of these plants. This evidence needs to be critically revised, and further studied to provided scientific support for their use. Aim of the study: To identify the plants that are used in Mexico for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression, and to review the current preclinical and when available, clinical information of these plants. Methods: We searched in scientific databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and other web sources such as " Biblioteca digital de la medicina tradicional Mexicana ") for Mexican plants used for the treatment of anxiety and depression that have been analyzed in preclinical studies. Additional information was obtained from published books. For this review, we also consider those plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of " nervios, " " susto " or " espanto; " common terms that describe symptoms related to anxiety and depression disorders. Results: The bibliographic search identified 49 plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression. From all these plants, 59% were analyzed in preclinical research, and only 8% were tested in clinical studies; only a few of these studies tried to elucidate their mechanism of action. In general, it is proposed that the plant extracts interact with the GABAergic system. However, only part of these studies attempted to analyze other neurotransmitter systems. Finally, in some cases, drug-herbal interactions were reported. Conclusions: There is a large number of Mexican medicinal plants used as a treatment for anxiety and depression disorders. Although some of these plants have been studied in preclinical research, in most cases these studies are preliminary, and the understanding of the mechanism of action is inconclusive. The need for systematic studies in preclinical and clinical research is evident, and efforts should be done to fulfill these research. Finally, it is important also to study possible drug-herbal interactions to establish specific recommendations for people that use these plants as anxiolytic or antidepressant treatments either alone or in combination with another type of medicine.
2002, Alternative Medicine Review
2010, African Journal of …
2011, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Although GABA neurotransmission has been suggested as a mechanism forValeriana officinaliseffects, CNS depression can also be evoked by inhibition of ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). In this study, we examined if aqueous valerian extract interacted with glutamatergic receptors. Freshly prepared aqueous valerian extract was incubated with rat cortical synaptic membranes in presence of 20 nM [3H]Glutamate. Aqueous valerian extract increased [3H]Glutamate binding from1×10−7to1×10−3 mg/mL. In the presence of (2S,1′S,2′S)-2-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (LCCG-I) and (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-Dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), Group II mGluR agents, valerian extract markedly decreased [3H]Glutamate binding, while (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl) propanoic acid) (quisqualic acid, QA), Group I mGluR agonist, increased [3H]Glutamate binding. At 0.05 mg/mL aqueous valerian extract specifically interacted with kainic acid NMDA and AMPA receptors...
2006, Addiction Biology
Various mushroom proteins, such as lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins, ribosome inactivating proteins, ribonucleases, laccases and other proteins have interesting biological activities. These have become popular sources of natural antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative and immunomodulatory agents. This paper updated the present status of bioactive compounds in Ganoderma lucidum a mushroom with biomedical potential. Ganoderma lucidum collected from botanical garden growing on Mimosops elangi as pathogen was investigate for the bioactive compounds and anticonvulsant activity. Its aqueous extract was injected in wistar albino rats. Phytochemical analysis was done by chemical, FTIR and mass spectrometric methods. Acute toxicity was determined using Lorke's method. The anticonvulsant activity of the extract was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsion in rats, with valproic acid and phenytoin as positive control (PC), respectively. Gamma amino butyric
Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased markedly over the past decades. To date however, a comprehensive review of herbal antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic psychopharmacology and applications in depression, anxiety and insomnia has been absent. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to February 21st 2011) on commonly used psychotropic herbal medicines. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain mechanisms of action of these botanicals, in addition to a systematic review of controlled clinical trials for treatment of mood, anxiety and sleep disorders, which are common comorbid psychiatric disorders. Specific emphasis was given to emerging phytomedicines. Analysis of evidence levels was conducted, as were effect sizes (Cohen's d) where data were available. Results provided evidence of a range of neurochemical, endocrinological, and epigenetic effects for 21 individual phytomedicines, which are detailed in this paper. Sixty six controlled studies were located involving eleven phytomedicines. Several of these provide a high level of evidence, such as Hypericum perforatum for major depression, and Piper methysticum for anxiety disorders. Several human clinical trials provide preliminary positive evidence of antidepressant effects (Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, and Rhodiola rosea) and anxiolytic activity (Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Passiflora incanata, E. amoenum, and Scutellaria lateriflora). Caution should however be taken when interpreting the results as many studies have not been replicated. Several herbal medicines with in vitro and in vivo evidence are currently unexplored in human studies, and along with use of emerging genetic technologies "herbomics", are areas of potential future research.
2011, International Journal of Biomedical Research
2014, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
2009, Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
2009, Phytotherapy Research
A novel pharmacological mechanism of action for the anxiolytic botanical Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is reported. The methanol extract was identified as a potent in vitro inhibitor of rat brain GABA transaminase (GABA-T), an enzyme target in the therapy of anxiety, epilepsy and related neurological disorders. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification and isolation of rosmarinic acid (RA) and the triterpenoids, ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) as active principles. Phytochemical characterization of the crude extract determined RA as the major compound responsible for activity (40% inhibition at 100 µg/mL) since it represented approximately 1.5% of the dry mass of the leaves. Synergistic effects may also play a role. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The CNS activity of Lippia alba liquid and spray-dried extracts, containing the non-volatile fraction from the leaves, was investigated. L. alba liquid extracts were prepared by percolation with EtOH 40, 60 or 80%. The liquid extracts, named ES 40%, ES 60% and ES 80%, were concentrated, the ethanol eliminated and then tested in Swiss mice to evaluate its sedative and anticonvulsant effects. The animals received the extracts, orally, in doses corresponding to 200 mg of dry residue by kilogram of body weight. All mice were evaluated in the barbiturate-induced sleep test. Similarly, other groups of mice were submitted to convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). The concentrated extract obtained from ES 80% showed the most significant sedative and myorelaxant effects as well as the highest total flavonoid content (66 mg/100 g, expressed in apigenin). Two spray-dried powders, SDP 1 and SDP 2 , were prepared from ES 80% using as excipients, respectively, colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) and CSD associated to b-cyclodextrin. Only SDP 1 showed sedative profile similar to that presented by ES 80. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the non-volatile fraction of L. alba , extracted in ethanol 80% (v/v), presents sedative and myorelaxant effects and that, among the tested extracts, this presents the highest flavonoid content. We demonstrated also the technological feasibility of spray-dried extracts and the influence of the excipient on its sedative properties. #
2012, Food Chemistry
2005, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
2012, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2011, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2011, Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR
Salvia verticillata is one of the salvia species which possesses remarkable antioxidant activity. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of hydro-alcoholic extract from Salvia verticillata plant (SVE) in various models of anxiety, depression and seizure in mice. Mice were randomly divided into control (saline), SVE-treated and standard treatment groups. The SVE-treated groups received oral administration of various doses of SVE. As a standard treatment, diazepam and imipramine were used orally for anxiety/seizure and depression tests, respectively. The results of the study revealed that the plant extract produced significant anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol induced seizure models. Moreover, in forced swim test and tail suspension test of depression, SVE produced significant antidepressant effect in mice compared to control group. However, SVE did not show any effects on anxiety-like behavior of mice in elevated plus maze and l...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Piper guineense Schum & Thonn (Piperaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the Southern States of Nigeria to treat fever, mental disorders and febrile convulsions. Aims of the study: This study aims at determining the chemical composition and the central nervous system (CNS) activities of the essential oil obtained from the plant's fresh fruits in order to rationalize its folkloric use. Materials and methods: Essential oil of P. guineense (EOPG) obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC/MS. EOPG (50–200 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated for behavioural, hypothermic, sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-psychotic and anticonvulsant activities using standard procedures. Results and discussion: Analysis of the oil reveals 44 compounds of which 30 compounds constituting 84.7% were identified. The oil was characterized by sesquiterpenoids (64.4%) while only four mono-terpeneoids (21.3%) were found present in the oil. Major compounds identified were β-sesquiphellandrene (20.9%), linalool (6.1%), limonene (5.8%), Z-β-bisabolene (5.4%) and α-pinene
Objective: At present, there are many antiepileptic drugs with a wide range of side effects on the human body. It was assumed that Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) with sedative, anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity may be effective in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and its fraction extracts on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, eight separate groups of male albino mice were used. All groups received 11 separate intraperitoneal injections of PTZ (35 mg/kg) with two-day intervals. 30 min before the injection of PTZ, mice received vehicle, Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract (300 and 600 mg/kg), n-hexane, acetone, methanol fraction extracts (150 mg/kg), or diazepam (10 mg/kg). Results: The kindled mice that were pretreated with vehicle showed a gradual increase in their seizure scores up to the end of the study. The hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora (300 and 600 mg/kg) reduced seizure scores significantly. However, n-hexane, acetone and methanol extracts did not affect seizure scores significantly. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora did reduce the severity of seizure attacks in PTZ-induced chemical kindling in mice.
Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. Arborescens is widely used for the treatment of various ailments including diarrhoea, corns, epilepsy and as a purgative. However, no information exists in any literature to verify the acclaimed effectiveness of C. arborescens in the treatment of the various ailments. The study, therefore, intended to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of the leaf methanol extract of C. arborescens in mice. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical qualitative analysis of the plant extracts were also carried out. Chemically-induced convulsion methods were used to assess the anticonvulsant activity of C. arborescens. Standard methods were used for the acute toxicity study and phytochemical analysis of the chemical components of the plant extract. PTZ (pentylenetetrazole), bicuculline, picrotoxin, NMDLA (N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid) or strychnine produced tonic convulsions in all the mice used. Leaf methanol extract of Crassula arborescens, muscimol, phenobarbitone or diazepam significantly antagonised PTZ, bicuculline or picrotoxin-induced convulsion. C. arborescens or LY233053 significantly antagonised NMDLA-induced tonic convulsion. C. arborescens or phenobarbitone significantly antagonised strychnine-elicited tonic convulsion. Phenytoin or DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) did not significantly affect the tonic convulsion produced by PTZ, bicuculline, picrotoxin, NMDLA or strychnine. The LD 50 value obtained from intraperitoneal administration of C. arborescens was 781.6 mg/kg while that following oral administration of the plant extract was over 4,000 mg/kg. The phytochemical qualitative analysis done showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, saponins and triterpene steroids. The data obtained in the study show that the leaf methanol extract of Crassula arborescens has anticonvulsant activity which may be underpinned by GABAergic, glutaminergic and glycinergic mechanisms. The high LD 50 value obtained following the oral administration of the plant extract shows that the leaf methanol extract is non-toxic to animals.
2011, Lancet
Using plants in therapy originates from far past. The skill of treating with plants has been developed in all nations and is now preserved, more or less, as traditional or popular therapy, commonly named popular medicine. Valeriana officinalis, which has been successfully used in traditional therapy, is accepted and represents an important medicinal raw material in contemporary medicine. Considering that clinical effects are not due to single chemical component, numerous scientists have concluded that a combination of valerian ingredients is responsible for its action. Dried root and rhizoma of Valerianae officinalis in forms of different pharmaceutical formulations achieve antioxidative, cytoprotective and neuroprotective activity. Pharmaceutical preparations made of valeriana root and rhizoma have multiple role in treating disorders at the level of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems.
Objective of the present study was quantification of valerenic acid in rhizome of three plant species which is generally traded under the name of Jatamansi. A simple, rapid, cost-effective and accurate high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantification of valerenic acid in Valeriana jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Selinum vaginatum, which is one of the stable compounds and designated as a key marker compound. Separation and quantification of valerenic acid was achieved by HPTLC using ternary mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (80:20:5 v=v=v) on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plate and densitometric determination was carried out in k280 absorption-reflectance UV mode by deuterium lamp.
2000
Most currently used psychotropic agents have limited efficacy, significant side-effect and toxicity problems, and are unavailable to approximately 80% of the World"s population. The development of efficacious and safe psychotropic medications based on naturally occurring substances used in non-allopathic healing traditions would represent a significant contribution to global mental health care. Rigorous empirical validation of indigenous treatments for neuopsychiatric symptoms
Herbal medicine is an integral part of healthcare system in most developed and developing countires of the world. Objective: The stembark of Mammea africana used traditionally in the treatment of mental disorders was evaluated for depressive effect on the central nervous system (CNS). Materials and Method: The stembark extract was investigated for depressive activity in open field, force swimming and tail suspension tests as well as its anticonvulsant potential against pentylene tetrazol and aminophylline-induced convulsions. The effect of the extract on phenobarbitone induced sleeping time was also evaluated. Results: The extract was found to significantly (p<0.001) decreased the frequency of line crossing, rearing and walling activities of the rats in open field test as well as increased the immobility time in both tail suspension and force swimming tests. The stembark extract also significantly (p<0.001) shortened the onset time of sleep and prolonged the duration of sleep ...
2009
2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2012
Rationale Polygala sabulosa, a folk medicine, presents dihydrostyryl-2-pyrones (DST) and styryl-2-pyrones (STY), compounds structurally similar to kavalactones. Our previous study showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) and these constituents present anxiolytic-like, hypno-sedative, and anticonvulsant effects in mice.