English Reformation

The early 16th-century baptismal font canopy of the church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, is one of only three such structures to survive anywhere in the British Isles. This study, inspired by the recent rediscovery of four attributable panels at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, offers a trans-temporal account of the canopy's initial creation and subsequent use, mutilation, and modification. Written by a team of scholars in art and architectural history, art conservation, heritage documentation, literary studies, and museum curation, it explores the installation's multiple artistic, ritual, and cultural contexts, from late medieval and early modern Europe to modern-day North America.

Recent controversies surrounding Michel Foucault suggest tensions and unresolved issues in his unfinished work. Here we interrogate Foucault's legacy in relation to his claim that the welfare-state is a secularization of the Christian pastorate. We challenge Foucault's binary narrative of the Christian flock vs. the Graeco-Roman citizen and expand the focus to other "technologies of power" in Medieval Islam. Rather than an outburst of governmentality in modernity, we suggest a longue-durée history of which the Christian pastorate was merely one facet. This non-binary framework indicates that Foucault's claim of a "demonic" fusion of sovereign and pastoral power in modern politics requires significant revisitation. Finally, we claim that Foucault's muchdiscussed fascination with neoliberalism may have roots in this one-sided narrative regarding the birth of the welfare-state.

Description and history of an English country house, still occupied by the same family for 500 years. History has left its mark with evidence of Roman occupation, the Saxon Kingdoms, Monasteries, Vikings, the Reformation, the first English settlement in America at Jamestown, and the Napoleonic Wars.

This paper looks at twelve notes in the Pentateuch of the 1537 Matthew which related a Bible verse or prophecy to Jesus Christ. It then compares three other study Bibles: the 1599 Geneva Bible (a Puritan Bible), the 1962 Oxford Annotated Version (from Oxford academics), and the 2017 MacArthur Study Bible (of pastor John MacArthur). There are some amazing differences! Discover which Bible taught most like the Matthew Bible did. The answer may surprise you.

This study differs from other studies of modern scholars who attempt to read Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus as a morality or anti-papistical play in arguing Faustus misquotes the Scriptures and in presenting clergy as deceptive to show his dissatisfaction with the basic doctrines of Christianity. Faustus, as a doctor of divinity, abandons religion as a way of salvation because he feels that it could not fulfill his desire to live a secular life and reach immortality. As a result, Faustus bargains his soul with the devil in exchange for twenty-four years of living a dissolute life and knowing the secrets of the universe.

In this paper, our aim is to focus on Shakespeare‟s The Tempest in the light of the supernatural worlds, where they play the crucial functions in the form of fairies, goblin, ghosts, apparitions, witches, and evil sprits to develop the thematic materials including ambiguity, confusion, ambivalence, domination, the plot-construction, the art of characterization and the general philosophical suggestions. It aims to look at applying the critical comments of several critics and scholars including Thiselton, Dodgers, Clark, Sears, Gibson, Nuttall, Dobree, Egan, Puck, Traversi, and Strachey through whom our study is minutely analyzed with a view to exposing the supernatural elements. In this paper, we will also discuss on Shakespeare‟s background, the attitudes of the Elizabethan people towards the metaphysical elements of the supernatural worlds in literature, and to a limited extent, its dramatic qualities and techniques. This paper also looks at the character, Prospero illuminated by t...

This essay uses the Logge register of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills (1479-1486) to supplement civic material, and to define and and examine the important role widows played in London wardship practice. It presents case studies of women's' differing approaches to managing wardships and inheritances in the later fifteenth century, and illustrates how, through their choices and decisions, inherited wealth was protected and recirculated in the city to the common good.

Grotius’s attempt to find a compromise both between reason and revelation, and between free will and predestination, his philological approach to the reading of Scripture, his refusal to engage in doctrinal disputes, and his insistence on ethics as the core of Christian teaching, were increasingly important in shaping a powerful strand of thinking about the Anglican church from the Great Tew circle to post-Restoration latitudinarianism. The references to Grotius’s apologetic work which appeared in moderate Anglican writing should be understood by setting them in a broader context encompassing the settlement of Anglican Church, its religious doctrine, and its relations with civil authority. In order to recover the complexity of the political and ecclesiological context for the English translations of De veritate, I will divide the period from 1632 to 1686 into three distinct phases: the initial phase goes back to the 1630s, when the members of the Great Tew circle at Oxford facilitat...

Amid the great Protestant martyrologies of the mid-sixteenth century, Heinrich Pantaleon's Martyrvm historia (1563) has been comparatively overlooked. This article argues that Pantaleon's martyrology acted as a capstone to the narrative framework of Protestant suffering and resistance. Pantaleon's command of vernacular languages gave him access to a wider range of material than other martyrologists, material which his Latin text made accessible to learned readers across Europe. This article also examines the collaboration between Pantaleon and John Foxe, which directly inspired Pantaleon's martyrology and enabled Foxe to give a cohesive, trans-European account of Protestant martyrs in his Acts and monuments.

This essay considers the life, death, and afterlife of William Cowbridge a religious eccentric executed for heresy in 1538. It explores the significance of his religious beliefs, which became the source of a heated controversy between the Protestant martyrologist John Foxe and the Catholic polemicist Nicholas Harpsfield. The case casts light on a range of issues, including the dynamic between Protestant and Catholic controversialists, the use of the label of ‘madness’ in argument, and the value of archival documentation alongside the use of oral sources in Reformation-era polemic. It also yields insight into Thomas Cromwell’s authority over the English Church during the late 1530s, and highlights his position among Henrician evangelicals as a source of influence and aid. Finally, it offers a critique about interpretations of early modern belief and the designation of the label ‘Lollard’.

Catriona Murray’s book Imaging Stuart Family Politics (Routledge, 2017)  is an excellent contribution to a growing body of work that re-evaluates European dynastic portraiture in terms of its function, audience, and cultural context.  Rather than focus on the formal qualities of the artworks or their aesthetic inspiration (these issues are addressed but not emphasized), Murray analyzes the display and reception of the images within the socio-political context of seventeenth-century Anglo-European society. Her extensive research has revealed a rich and understudied array of largely forgotten visual messages that spectators of the era once easily understood

End-of-relationship rituals are not respected within Protestant churches. Therefore, many church websites emphasize that there are no official divorce rituals to this day. This is despite the fact that there are numerous impulses for divorce rituals, some of which are also firmly established in church practice. Practitioners who devote themselves to these rituals often have to be innovative. This article presents three unpublished drafts for separation rituals, which are understood as expressions of ritual design. Experiences from academic teaching show that the field divorce rituals is particularly suitable for initiating learning processes on ritual design, a skill of great importance for future pastors. Although divorce rituals are unpopular now, they are likely to become part of the standard repertoire of churches soon.

Christian reaching the cross is an iconic scene in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Freed from his burden, Christian is assured of salvation by Jesus's atoning work and receives gifts from three shining ones. Opinion has been divided about who these shining ones are. This study sets out and assesses the arguments that have been given for seeing the shining ones as angels or as Trinity. A third way is proposed that sees the shining ones as church by exploiting the presumption of an allowable range of interpretation in handling the allegory. This has the advantage of refuting individualist readings of the Christian life, while affirming the church's gospel ministry of assuring Christians of their salvation by God's grace with biblical truth.

When Robert Demaus (1829-1874) wrote his definitive biography of Hugh Latimer, he was determined to outline all the Reformer's faults and failures as well as his successes. He soon discovered that there was scarcely a shadow to be found in the life of the ardent scholar who became the voice of the Reformation in England. Any biography of Latimer must therefore be a panegyric to the overflowing grace of God made evident in the courageous life and martyr's death of this great man.

This article explores evangelical perceptions of the Reformation, with particular reference to the commemoration in 1835 of the tercentenary of the publication of Coverdales English Bible. The first half of the nineteenth century saw a growth in evangelical interest in the Reformation, although historical understanding of the sixteenth century was initially unsophisticated and simplistic equations between past and present were widespread. The 1835 commemoration exposed a tendency to use history as a tool in contemporary controversies between Anglicans and Protestants Dissenters, as well as in the polemics of both against Roman Catholics. It also, however, helped to stimulate the growth of serious scholarly inquiry and publication about the Reformation, notably in the formation (1840) of the Parker Society. The commemorations of the tercentenaries of the accession of Elizabeth I (1858) and of the Scottish Reformation (1860) provide concluding vantage points from which to view the dev...

The complex identities of the Church of Ireland-independent of the Church of England but often treated as if it were subservient, like the ambiguities of the Irish state-part English colony, partindependent kingdom, have confused both contemporaries and historians. This chapter examines the position of the Church of Ireland from the wider perspective of Atlantic Protestantism. Using the example of John Winthrop who, before he decided to emigrate to America, had considered settling in Ireland, it shows how the early-seventeenth century the Church of Ireland exploited its distance from England to develop a distinctive ecclesiastical polity. Later, however, that freedom was reined in, as closer ties with England led to greater conformity.

As made evident in the introductory chapter, media are an important component of communication. Media are a complex idea that has distinctly different usages and contextual interpretations. If we think about medieval materiality in terms of media, their purpose as intercessors or mediators reveals their material, theoretical, and historical significance. Varying disciplinary frameworks and scholars give primacy to descriptions, concepts, and definitions through which they understand the nature of media and how they function. This chapter describes the shared historiographies and definitions of media and mediation to illustrate how relics function as media and to explore the theoretical significance of a relic's role as an intercessor. Media concepts put forth by Jay David Bolter, Richard Grusin, Lars Elleström, and Marshall McLuhan are employed to examine a Byzantine box reliquary with stones from the Holy Land. The Sancta Sanctorum reliquary box from the Holy Land stands as an example of a media studies analysis of a medieval religious object. Understanding relics and saints (in this case, Christian) as mediators is not a new concept to medieval scholars. Relics are objects that have preserved connections with saints or sacred places that have made them holy. Their sanctity made them potential mediators. While their function as inbetween entities mediating the sacred and mundane is acknowledged, the nature of mediation is often neglected. What is a medium? What does mediation mean? How do differing disciplines discuss medium? In a broad sense, media are defined as means of communication. Types of "new" media include the internet, online gaming, and email. When discussing "old" media, media theorists

An introduction to the poetry of a mid-16th. c. Cambridge professor who was very instrumental into introducing a ferment of Humanism at his university and transforming it into a breeding-ground for future statesmen in Elizabeth's government.

The first metrical psalter produced after the English Reformation (1534). Innovative arrangement by Mattthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury. Best known as the text source for Thomas Tallis’ psalm settings, including the widely used Third Mode Melody. This edition contains the texts only, carefully transcribed for contemporary use. The first metrical psalter produced after the English Reformation (1534). Innovative arrangement by Mattthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury. Best known as the text source for Thomas Tallis’ psalm settings, including the widely used Third Mode Melody. This edition contains the texts only, carefully transcribed for contemporary use.

In the long process of normalization undergone by the English language in the early modern period the printing press is generally considered to have been a highly influential contributing factor. Most of the early presses were set up in Westminster-London and they printed mainly books in the vernacular at comparatively affordable prices. By so doing, they added to the recognition

З використанням ГХ/МС методу проведений аналіз хімічного складу ефірної олії, отриманої внаслідок гідродистиляції висушеного листя Globularia alypum L., з ви- ходом 2,10±0,09 %. Визначено 60 компонентів, які пред- ставляють 99,04% від загальної кількості олії. Для оцінювання антиоксидантної активності застосовано три різні підходи: вловлювання вільними радикалами 2,2-дифеніл-1-пікрилгідра- зилу (DPPH), тест-системи знебарвлювання b-каротину (BCB) та аналіз антиокиснювальної здатності (FRAP). Проведено порівняння одержаного антиоксиданту з антиоксидантною синтетичною аскорбіновою кислотою. Показано, що ефірна олія G.alypum проявляє непогані антиоксидантні властивості.

Metformin hydrochloride is a diabetic medicine that contains 500 mg of metformin. It is biguanide, which is a kind of oral hypoglycemic agent. It is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, especially in overweight or obese individuals. In Bangladesh, many metformin hydrochloride tablets are available through the global drug delivery system. Because numerous brands of metformin tablets are available in the Bangladesh pharmaceutical market nowadays, health practitioners are faced with a generic replacement dilemma. The study's objective was to assess the physicochemical equivalence of five brands of metformin hydrochloride tablets marketed in Bangladesh using in vitro tests. Official and non-official criteria such as weight uniformity, friability, hardness, disintegration, assay, and dissolving rate were used to establish the physicochemical equivalence of different brands of Metformin hydrochloride tablet brands. All the brands adhered to the approved standards.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the idea of sacred space as a human construct through examining arguments and theories proposed by academics in relation to having several exploration visits to the site located in Rome. The research visits take place in the pantheon of Rome, one of the most important surviving work of Roman architecture.1 However, the research will focus mainly on the role of the sun in the pantheon as one of the main features that aid into making the space sacred. The issue of discussion in this matter, is whether the role of the sun in the pantheon is considered sacred due to the space being initially sacred or is the space considered sacred due to the role of the sun? The key theorists I will be presenting are Emile Durkheim, Mircea Eliade and, Lucien Levy-Bruhl, they all have different ideas of what makes a space sacred, and that could help with in investigation of the pantheon.

Going back to the sources The work of Reformation in Scotland is usually traced back to John Knox (1514-1572). However, others, with more historical discernment on their side, point to Patrick Hamilton (1504-1528) of whom relatively little is known biographically. Neither man had the privilege of either founding the Scottish Church or introducing the Reformation to it. So, the often-told stories that Hamilton ushered in Lutheranism in 1527 or that he was the first ever Scottish martyr in 1528 or that the Scottish Reformation did not start until Knox's ministry some forty years later cannot stand up against serious enquiry.

Generally, it is not obvious to people that theology has contributed a lot in the formation of English literature. So, this paper tries to picture and convince how the writings of English Literature writers have impacts and influences in themselves from the biblical theology. Writers like William Shakespeare uses the theology of grace in his play All’s Well That’s End Well. John Milton pens theology of Freedom of Choice.John Donne writes Trinitarian Theology. Christopher Marlowe shows the theology of Doctor Faustus, which shines under the title like purgatory the highest junction. Alexander Pope reflects the theology of participation in self Salvation and shows theodicy in his work. Theology and English literature go together. They are inseparable. Theology is interwoven in English Literature. It appears convincingly that William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, and Alexander Pope have sufficiently left grains in their writings which compel to justify the s...

seen as the founder of the Scottish Reformation John Knox, alias John Sinclair, is generally seen as the main pillar of the Scottish Reformation and his works are often regarded amongst certain evangelicals as the purest source of its history. Thus, James Edward McGoldrick, starts his Preface to his Luther's Scottish Connections

This is the first of six studies on John Wesley's eschatology. This article recounts the developments of eschatology in England from the Protestant Reformation to the Evangelical Revival of the eighteenth century. The central aim is to address the relationship between millennial expectations and the problem of nominal belief in the Protestant traditions and how this relationship contributed to Methodism's identity as an eschatological movement in the eighteenth century. Apart from minor changes, this paper was originally published in Mark K. Olson, ed. The John Wesley Reader on Eschatology (Truth in Heart, 2011). Methodism was born in an age when many Protestants believed they were living on the precipice of human history...

Drama has always fascinated audiences. Audiences have been captivated by dramatic presentations of the plights of others since antiquity, which not only satisfies their natural curiosity but also provides a platform from which dramatists can tackle pressing issues of the day and present them in a manner that is both easily understood and literately accessible. Many of Ben Jonson's plays, like Volpone, or The Fox (1606) and The Alchemist (1610), are caustic condemnations of prevailing societal norms. The famed British poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was born in London on 11 June 1572. His father, who was a priest, died just a month before his birth, and his mother promptly remarried again master bricklayer Robert Brett. After getting a classical education at school, Ben Jonson rose from an apprentice bricklayer and soldier to become one of the most acclaimed playwrights and poets of the 17th century. As a writer, he had a troubled beginning, having spent time in prison for writing ...