Electronic and Electrical Engineering

A generalized macroscopic representation of electrical steels used in transformer manufacturing industry is developed. The proposed representation is specifically formulated for integration in the finite element method. Usage of the specific technique enables the accurate evaluation of electromagnetic field distribution of transformer cores under heavily saturated conditions. Advantages over conventional techniques include numerical stability, numerical accuracy, and reduction of iterations of the Newton–Raphson method.

In this paper a robust three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) anisotropy model is introduced based on a particular scalar potential formulation. The specific 3D FE model is suitable for the accurate evaluation of the peak flux density distribution and no load loss of one-phase and three-phase wound core distribution transformers. The accuracy of the proposed 3D FE anisotropy model is validated by local flux density and no load loss measurements.

In this paper design of the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) for Quarter car semi active suspension system has been done. Current automobile suspension systems use passive components only by utilizing spring and damping coefficient with fixed rates. The vehicle suspension systems are typically rated by its ability to provide good road handling and improve passenger comfort. In order to improve comfort and ride quality of a vehicle, four parameters are needed to be acknowledged. Those four parameters are sprung mass acceleration, sprung mass displacement, unsprung displacement and suspension deflection. This paper uses a new approach in designing the suspension system which is semi-active suspension. Here, the hydraulic damper is replaced by a magneto-rheological damper and a controller is developed for controlling the damping force of the suspension system. The semi-active suspension with controllers reduces the sprung mass acceleration and displacement hence improving the passengers comfort.

The ElectroMagnetic Circuit Parameters of the SuperLuminal Topology Proton. A TenFold greater undertaking than last year's Electron Parameters -- https://www.tinyurl.com/TwainElectron -- At all scales of our observed cosmos we observe three things: 1) the SuperPositional Helixoidal ElectroMagnetic Wave background ocean of all Frequencies and Wavelengths, 2) the flexible-size Standing-Wave-Lissajous-topology Electron 'charges' created from the superposition of two transverse EM Waves of (average) gamma ray frequencies, and 3) the fixed 137/1 Lissajous-Ring topology 'Mother' Proton charges of ~ 8.775 x 10^-16 meters (0.8774 Fermi) Radius R1, and Mass-Energy ~ 938 MeV.

This paper proposes the manufacturing of distribution transformers using a novel type of magnetic core which is called composite wound core. A composite wound core is constructed of a combination of conventional and high magnetization grain-oriented steel. The main advantage of transformers assembled of composite wound cores over conventional transformers is the significant reduction of the manufacturing and operating cost. For the analysis of composite wound core transformers, a FE model considering anisotropy and high saturation conditions, and an advanced 3D hybrid FE-BE model have been developed.

In this paper Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of different modulation techniques are analyzed. There are different modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shit Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The performance in between these modulation techniques is analyzed and best suited with respect to low Bit Error Rate (BER) is transmitted. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing also reduce the inter-symbol Interference (ISI). Simulation is carried out on the  software named MATLAB. Simulation is carried over both BPSK and QPSK to obtain the optimum value of BER and SNR.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

6 th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEEN 2022) aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-theart reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.

"WET NANO-BONDING OF SILICA-TO-SI AND SILICA-TO-SILICA BELOW 200°C  BY H2O CATALYSIS AND A 2-D PRECURSOR PHASE:
TMAFM, HYDROAFFINITY AND SURFACE FREE ENERGY ANALYSIS

R. Bennett-Kennett*, S. D. Whaley, N. Herbots*, C. F. Watson*, R.J. Culbertson, A. Murphy,* S. Farmer,** P. Rez, D.A. Sell,** B. Hughes, A. Acharya,
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY,
Department of Physics, of Chemistry & Bio-Chemistry Tempe, AZ 85287-1504,
* SiO2 NanoTech LLC,Tempe, AZ 85282
** Marquette University, Marquette, WI
*** Caltech, Pasadena, CA

R.L. Rhoades, Scott N.  Drews 
Entrepix, Inc. Tempe AZ 85282.

Hydroxylated silica about 2.1 ± 0.1 nm thick are nucleated on OH(1x1)Si(100) as precursor phase to cross-bond directly silica to Si, and silica to silica using planarization via extended atomic terraces,  T≤ 200°C, an H2O/O2 ambient, and p ≥ 1 atm. This method, "Wet Nano-Bonding™”, relies on the Herbots-Atluri process [1] to nucleate precursor phases to bond via direct hydroxylated silica molecular cross-bridges two surfaces brought into contact at the nano-scale. 
Ordered Si2(OH)4 β-cristobalite precursor phases exhibit atomic terraces that extend to > 20 nm, in contrast to the 2 nm width in "as received" Si(100) wafers. β-cristobalite nano-phases can desorb at low temperatures (T </~ 200 °C) [3]. These ordered oxides can promote the growth of flatter, smoother, better controlled oxides at low temperatures in ambient air. When put into close contact at T≥ 200°C with oxygen-deficient phases of SiOx used in microelectronics, they can consistently nucleate a cross-bridging between the two substrates, or “nano-bonding” inter-phase [4] between various combinations Si and silica provided an H2O/O2 ambient catalyzes low temperature oxidation and nano-contacting is achieved via pressurization in the nano-bonding chamber.

[1] V. Atluri et al MRS Symp. Proc. Vol 477 (1997)
[2] N. Herbots et al. Mater. Sc. & Eng, B87 (2001), 303
[3] N. Herbots et al., US patent 6,613,617 (2003) & 7,851,365 (2011)
[4]  K.T. Queeney et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 4, 26 (2004)"

This paper concerns the thermal investigation of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor designed for high-temperature aerospace actuation applications. A finite-element package was developed, enabling accurate 3-D transient thermal analysis by considering complex and unsymmetrical actuator housing configurations. Its validity was verified by measurements carried out at different duty cycles and operating conditions.

In recent years, researchers have proposed transformerless solutions for connecting renewable-energy power plants to the grid. Apart from lack of efficiency and increased cost and weight of the transformer, one of the reasons is the dc input current that causes transformer saturation. The purpose of this paper is the development of a finite-element computational tool that is going to aid transformer manufacturers in designing distribution transformers specifically for the renewable-energy market. It is based on a generalized macroscopic representation of electrical steels used in the transformer manufacturing industry that enables the accurate evaluation of electromagnetic field distribution of transformer cores under heavily saturated conditions. Its advantages over conventional formulations include numerical stability, numerical accuracy, and reduction of iterations of the Newton–Raphson method. An experimental verification of the proposed method is carried out.

Distribution transformers losses are equal to almost 2% of the electricity generated worldwide and only in the European Union are estimated at about 33 TWh/year. Approximately 75% of the total losses are due to core losses as a result of the loading characteristics of distribution transformers. Design of the joints of magnetic cores has a profound impact on core losses and transformer efficiency. The paper introduces a finite element methodology for the analysis of transformer joints. The proposed technique consists in the application of certain boundary conditions for the excitation of the joints. The main advantages of the pseudo-source technique include minimization of the computational cost and ease of implementation. The technique is combined with a number of FE formulations and a vector hysteresis model. Two-dimensional as well as 3-D FE analysis is studied. Longitudinal and normal flux measurements were carried out for the validation of the proposed technique.

This paper develops a model based on an original lumped-parameter network configuration for the thermal transient analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The specific PMSM was designed and optimized for a demanding aerospace application. The validity of the proposed lumped-parameter model is verified by measurements carried out in a thermal chamber.

This paper proposes a three-phase five legged wound transformer core constructed of two high permeability Si-Fe wound cores and two conventional Si-Fe wound cores. The two large internal wound cores are manufactured of high permeability, grain-oriented electrical steel. The two small outer wound cores are manufactured of conventional, grain-oriented electrical steel. The specific arrangement is based on experimental evidence concerning the peak flux density non-uniformity of the typical three-phase five legged wound transformer core, constructed of the high magnetization grain-oriented steel. Since the peak flux density of the two outer cores is lower than the two internal cores, low cost, low permeability, conventional grain-oriented electrical steel can \ be used for the outer cores. Losses, excitation currents, flux waveforms, and their harmonics contents are presented in this paper. A comparison of the mixed three-phase transformer core and the typical one is also carried out.

Purpose – This paper aims to present an accurate representation of laminated wound cores with a low computational cost using 2D and 3D finite element (FE) method.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors developed an anisotropy model in order to model laminated wound cores. The anisotropy model was integrated to the 2D and 3D FE method. A comparison between 2D and 3D FE techniques was carried out. FE techniques were validated by experimental analysis.
Findings – In the case of no-load operation of wound core transformers both 2D and 3D FE techniques yield the same results. Computed and experimental local flux density distribution and no-load loss agree within 2 per cent to 6 per cent.
Originality/value – The originality of the paper consists in the development of an anisotropy model specifically formulated for laminated wound cores, and in the effective representation of electrical steels using a composite single-valued function. By using the aforementioned techniques, the FE computational cost is minimised and the 3D FE analysis of wound cores is rendered practical.

Transformer no load loss optimization is crucial for transformer manufacturers as well as for electric utilities, since it results to significant economic benefits. In this article, the three-dimensional finite element analysis is applied to power transformers in order to predict and minimize the iron loss. The proposed model is based on a particular reduced scalar potential formulation, necessitating no prior source field calculation, and employs detailed modeling of the core geometry and material, considering for manufacturing core formation process effects by convenient hysteresis phenomenological models. Comparisons between this method and test values for a number of commercial transformers, prove its validity and accuracy, rendering it a reliable tool for customized design of an industrial plant

This paper investigates the effects of rotor skew on the performance of permanent magnet synchronous generators. The main effects are concerning reduction of the electromotive force induced, stator current harmonics and torque ripple. The analysis performed is based on various 2D and 3D finite element techniques. Simulation results are compared to measurements.

Scope International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJEEE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following • Electric energy and automation • Electronics and communication engineering • Evolutionary algorithms • Fault detection and isolation • Filtering • Flight control and surveillance systems • Fuzzy logic and control • Pattern recognition • Power Electronics • Power Systems • Process control and instrumentation • Robotics and applications • Robust control • Sampled-data control systems and digital control • Scientific and engineering modeling • Secure communication • Signal processing • Soft computing techniques in control

A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz. For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off band performance is achieved. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.

In this study, praseodymium barium cobalt oxide nanofiber interfacial layer was sandwiched between Au and n-Si. Frequency and voltage dependence of e 0 , e 0 , tand, electric modulus (M 0 and M 00) and r ac of PrBaCoO nanofiber capacitor have been investigated by using impedance spectroscopy method. The obtained experimental results show that the values of e 0 , e 0 , tand, M 0 , M 00 and r ac of the PrBaCoO nanofiber capacitor are strongly dependent on frequency of applied bias voltage. The values of e 0 , e 00 and tand show a steep decrease with increasing frequency for each forward bias voltage, whereas the values of r ac and the electric modulus increase with increasing frequency. The high dispersion in e 0 and e 00 values at low frequencies may be attributed to the Maxwell–Wagner and space charge polarization. The high values of e 0 may be due to the interfacial effects within the material, PrBaCoO nanofibers interfacial layer and electron effect. The values of M 0 and M 00 reach a maximum constant value corresponding to M 1 % 1/e 1 due to the relaxation process at high frequencies, but both the values of M 0 and M 00 approach almost to zero at low frequencies. The changes in the dielectric and electrical properties with frequency can be also attributed to the existence of N ss and R s of the capacitors. As a result, the change in the e 0 , e 00 , tand, M 0 , M 00 and ac electric conductivity (r ac) is a result of restructuring and reordering of charges at the PrBaCoO/n-Si interface under an external electric field or voltage and interface polarization.

The importance of distribution transformer no-load loss on the operation of modern electrical grids is often underestimated. Internationally, distribution transformer no-load loss constitutes nearly 25% of the transmission and distribution losses of electrical grids. The losses in European Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33 TWh/year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a further 5 TWh/year. In the Greek electrical grid the no-load losses of 140,000 distribution transformers are estimated at about 490 GWh/year. This paper has two goals the first one is to illustrate the significance of distribution transformer no-load loss in periods of high electric energy cost and the second goal is the presentation of a novel numerical methodology for wound core transformers no-load loss analysis, enabling to determine the economically and technically optimum transformer for every use.

Felieton opisuje próby budowy urządzeń technicznych, których jedynym celem i jest zaspokajanie ich własnych potrzeb (dążenie do światła, wykrywani i wykorzystywanie "karmników" pozwalających naładować baterie itp. Dla człowieka takie maszyny są bezużyteczne, bo nie wykonują żadnej pożytecznej pracy, a jednak są przedmiotem bardzo interesujących badań, opisanych w tekście.

Si1-x-y ,GexCy is a novel group IV semiconductor alloy with interesting possibilities for strain modification and bandgap
engineering. To investigate the growth kinetics of this new semiconductor, heteroepitaxial Si1-x-y ,GexCy films were grown
on 4 in. Si(100) wafers by combined ion and molecular beam deposition at temperatures between 450 and 560°C.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with diffraction show that the films, 1000 ± 220 A thick, are single
phase heteroepitaxial cubic diamond solid solutions. For films with a Si : Ge ratio of 7 : 3 the defect density is low for carbon
concentrations less than I%. The (Xmin) minimum yield increases from 0.13 to 0.89 as the carbon concentration increases
from 0.5 to 3%. For low C concentrations, the channeling yield increases with depth indicating that the defect density
increases near the film substrate interface, which is characteristic of partial film relaxation. For C concentrations of 2% and
higher the defect density is uniformly high throughout the films indicating that defects are uniformly nucleated throughout
the film during growth. Infrared spectroscopy measurements show that the Si-C bond length distribution broadens as the
carbon concentration increases and also shows that carbon exhibits a higher substitutionality for a growth temperature of
450°C than for 560°C. A possible interpretation of these results is that the high local strain associated with the Si-C bonds
deteriorates the elastic properties of Si1-x-y ,GexCy, making it more susceptible to relaxation and defect nucleation than
Si1-x-y ,GexCy I under similar strain and growth temperatures.

The iron loss and manufacturing cost of a strip-wound core can be reduced by constructing the wound core with  combination of average and high magnetization grade steel. The present paper introduces a two-dimensional finite element (2D FEM) package for the flux density distribution and iron loss computation of two grade lamination wound cores. The specific 2D FEM package is combined with deterministic and stochastic optimization algorithms in order to compute specific design variables of a two grade lamination wound core, that ensure the minimization of its iron loss and manufacturing cost.

will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of all Engineering fields. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of all Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Engineering.

Clusters (of PCs or Workstations) are increasingly being chosen as platforms for the execution of parallel applications over traditional supercomputers owing to the excellent price-to-performance ratio held by clusters and the widespread availability of relatively inexpensive PCs/workstations and high-speed networks. Unfortunately, current operating systems and run-time environments do not provide satisfactory levels of support for parallel processing on clusters, forcing programmers to use third-party software that operates on top of existing network operating systems, which increases overheads and reduces flexibility. Creation of parallel processes suffers from poor performance because these processes are created in a sequential manner. This paper shows an original concurrent local and remote process-creation mechanism, a part of the GENESIS operating system that manages parallelism on clusters and, in particular, provides execution transparency and reduces the time required to initiate child processes of single program and multiple data (SPMD) parallel applications.

This research paper elucidates a power (or load) flow analysis of the Nigerian 28-bus 330kV transmission network. This expressly reveals the steady state operation of the power system under consideration, which by extension may be applied to other similar networks. The load flow solution would reveal the affected lines whose power flow fall below the values expected, and buses whose voltage magnitude is outside the required range of 0.9 ≤ V ≤ 1.1pu. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator, SSSC, is incorporated into the affected lines to control the flow of power in the network. The performance characteristics of SSSC, a member of the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, in controlling the power (active and reactive) flow, reducing the transmission losses and improving the voltage profile of the network is the objective of this research. The Newton-Raphson technique is used in analyzing the load flow problem without and with the FACTS device (i.e. SSSC) incorporated. The results obtained are compared to observe the performance of SSSC in the network. The SSSC model is validated and tested using the IEEE 14-bus test system. The analysis and simulation is done using the MATLAB R2007b software.

Iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels, is sensitive to the distortion of the supply voltage waveform of the excitation winding. As a result, magnetic cores of electrical machines and transformers manufactured of grain-oriented electrical steels present significant increase of iron losses when working under distorted supply voltage waveform. In the present paper, an experimental apparatus is developed in order to evaluate the effect of distorted supply voltage
waveform on iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels. Also, a  theoretical analysis based on the hysteresis design tool of Matlab and the finite element method considering hysteresis is carried out.

In this work, room temperature oxidation of GaAs was investigated using ion beam oxidation (mO). In lBO, an ion beam is used to introduce oxygen athermally into the substrate, in this case GaAs. GaAs bonds are broken upon collision with the ions, making gallium and arsenic atoms readily available to react with the oxygen species. Ion beam oxidation of GaAs at room temperature was studied as a function ofoxygen ion energy between 500 and is keY. The ion beam oxidized GaAs was characterized in situ by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ex situ with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for accurate determination of the film chemical composition. Below 1 keY, a thin oxide film is formed: it is composed of Ga20 3 and AS20 3 with almost no metallic arsenic, and presents insulating properties.
As the ion energy increases, preferential sputtering of As and decomposition of AS203 increase and prevent formation of an
insulating film. No damage was detected by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RES) combined with ion channeling, in the substrate subjected to IBO below 1 keV.""

ABSTRACT We present the development of a new fully digital, flexible, cost-efficient data acquisition system (DAQ) suitable for dual head Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners for small animal imaging applications. A free-running 12 bit octal channel Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), with 65 MHz sampling rate, was used for the digitization of the detector signals. The digitized data were fed into a Spartan 6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for event processing. An embedded system was developed for the acquisition, using Xilinx&amp;#39;s Embedded Development Kit (EDK) and Microblaze processor. A digital version of the Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) method was implemented in the FPGA, in order to achieve higher time resolution than the ADC sampling period, eliminating the need of an external mixed-signal device. The obtained information using FPGA includes: event timing, energy determination-discrimination, position determination and coincidence processing. The online processing of potential coincident events, significantly reduces the amount of data that will be transmitted to the computer. Coincident events are written temporarily to an external memory provided on a development board and are transferred to a Personal Computer (PC), via Ethernet link, for image reconstruction. Minimal post processing of the data is required prior to reconstruction. A small detector pair consisting of a BGO array coupled to a Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PSPMT) was used for the evaluation of the readout system. Obtained results prove that the proposed architecture can be used for the readout of dual head PET detectors for small animal imaging applications.