Development Economics

Why are some countries more prone to social violence than others? Despite the fact that annual deaths due to homicides worldwide outnumber those due to organized armed conflict by a factor of roughly 3 to 1, this question has received very little attention from conflict and development specialists in recent years. As a modest first step in addressing this gap in the literature we draw together insights from the conflict and criminology literatures to develop a model of social violence that accounts for both political-institutional and socio-economic factors. While there is an extensive literature on the socio-economic determinants of social violence, there are only a handful of studies that consider the significance of political-institutional arrangements. Using cross-country estimates of homicides produced by the World Health Organization as an indicator of social violence, we test our model using OLS regression analysis for a sample of more than 120 countries. We find that countri...

يهدف هذا الفصل إلى بيان مكانة الاستدلال اللغوي من النظر المعرفي لدى الإمام أبي منصور الماتريدي، واستخراج مظاهره من تفسيره "تأويلات القرآن"، ولا سيما أن كثيرا من الباحثين أغفلوا الكلام مفصلا على هذا الجانب في نتاج الماتريدي، وما كانت منهم إلا إشارات خافتة إليه، ووفق منهج استقرائي تحليلي؛ بدأ الباحث بمقدمة تناول فيها ما أغفله الباحثون، وأنه لا يتناسب مع المنطلقات المعرفية للموروث اللغوي العربي الذي اهتدى به وخلفه مفكرو الإسلام على اختلاف تخصصاتهم، ثم استدل عقلا وسمعا - وفق منهج الماتريدي - إلى أن الماتريدي أديب بارع؛ بله أنه أصولي مبرز كلاما وفقها، وانتقل بعدها إلى استعراض ما استخرجه من مظاهر الاستدلال اللغوي في تفسير الماتريدي، ليستخلص أنه من خلالها جميعا وفي السياق العام لتفسيره؛ ما يحرص على شيء حرصه على المعنى واستقامته في سبيل التوصل إلى الأحكام الفقهية والعقدية.

This chapter brings class and capitalism to a dialogue in the context of India’s economic transition. Based on my previous research findings, I throw light on the effect and role of class process of surplus labor in shaping India’s development strategy, from the period of planning to neoliberalism, which I argue has facilitated India’s transition from a predominantly state capitalist system to a private capitalist system. I would further contend that the crisis of Indian economy in the mentioned two phases can be construed as signaling the recurrent appearance of crisis of capitalism. In this context, the discussed changes in India’s development strategy to recast her transitional journey are considered as varied attempts to resolve the periodic crises of capitalism. The objective of every such attempts of Indian state is to turn a crisis into an opportunity in order to secure the march of capitalism in India.
Key words: class, need, capitalism, transition, planning, neoliberalism

Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the Indonesian economy because it is one of the mainstay sectors in obtaining foreign exchange, which is expected to increase economic growth. However, along with its positive impact on economic growth, the expansion of the tourism industry is also a significant contribution to rising CO2 emissions and energy consumption. This study focuses on assessing the impact of the tourism sector as proxied by the number of international tourist visits on GDP per capita and the environment as seen from CO2 emissions and total energy consumption. This study uses data covering 44 years (1974 - 2018). The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) method was used in this study. The results indicate that an increase in total foreign tourist arrivals has a positive impact on real GDP per capita and total energy consumption in the short term, whereas a decrease has a beneficial effect on reducing real GDP per capita, CO2 emissions, and total ener...

O Brasil detem um grande destaque na producao canavieira mundial, sendo o maior produtor e exportador de acucar. Mas, com as profundas transformacoes que vem ocorrendo no comercio internacional de acucar as situacoes de mercado tem oscilado bastante. Na literatura nao foram encontrados trabalhos de avaliacao do desempenho brasileiro frente aos demais principais exportadores mundiais de acucar. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho das exportacoes e a competitividade dos principais paises exportadores de acucar, no periodo de 1991 e 2014 utilizando da metodologia Constant-Market-Share. Foram utilizadas series historicas de dados de exportacao mundial de acucar. Foram utilizados os principais paises que trabalham no processo de exportacao do acucar, sendo eles: a Australia, o Brasil, a Guatemala e a Tailândia. Para avaliar o desempenho e a competitividade dos paises empregou-se da analise de correlacao de Pearson e o modelo de Constant-Market-Share. Os paises que demonstraram ma...

Childhood malnutrition, one among the myriad of sustainable development challenges plaguing sub-Saharan Africa, remains persistent despite foreign aid. The many developmental deficits associated with both prenatal and postnatal malnutrition with their long-term irreversible effects, detrimental to the realization of potentials, make it imperative to find an elixir to sustainable development problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Opinions vary on how to curb hunger in the sub-region. While some implicated population density as responsible for childhood malnutrition and advocated family planning to control population growth, others blamed natural disasters and internecine wars as the bane of Africa. Still others advocated the provision of infrastructure to fast-track sustainable development. While admitting demographic challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth, natural disasters and conflicts may not solely account for the endemic poverty and nutritional deficiencies in the sub-reg...

The purpose of this study is to examine financial inclusion for women. Some barriers to women financial inclusion were highlighted. Some strategies to increase women financial inclusion were also identified such as providing greater financial education for women, greater access to formal credit for women-owned businesses, microfinance designed for women, government loan schemes for women, adequate legal identification for women, affordable mobile phones for women, and laws that criminalize gender discrimination against women.

American society could benefit from the results of the study. The banking and financial industries ought to be prepared for the future and continue to adapt to new emerging threats, varying consumer classification, and changing environment. Banking and financial services institutions play a substantial role in the community. By changing and developing new policies and procedures, these organizations can work towards effective money laundering and financing fraud prevention compliance plans. Additionally, banks and financial services institutions may clarify and strengthen customer due diligence requirements to protect their organizations and reduce financial fraud risks. The implications for positive social change may include the possibilities to develop new compliance strategies and strengthen existing regulatory mechanisms to help compliance managers, reduce the risk of bank failures, increase employment opportunities, and promote public awareness by educating consumer about financial fraud risks.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sektor yang menjadi sektor basis di Kabupaten Bone terdapat tiga sektor dengan nilai rata-rata LQ>1 adalah sektor Pertanian, kehutanan, dan perikanan; Pengadaan listrik dan gas; Administrasi pemerintah, pertanahan dan jaminan sosial. Sektor non basis dengan ninlai rata-rata LQ<1 yaitu sektor Pertambangan dan Penggalian; Industri dan pengolahan; Pengadaan Air Bersih; Pengolahan Sampah Limbah dan Daur Ulang; Kontruksi; Perdagangan Besar dan Eceran, Reparasi Mobil dan Sepeda Motor; Transportasi dan Pergudangan; Penyediaan Akomodasi Makan dan Minum; Informasi dan Komunikasi; Jasa Keuangan dan Asuransi; Real Estate; Jasa Perusahaan; Jasa Pendidikan; Jasa Kesehatan dan Kegiatan Sosial; dan Jasa Lainnya.

Since the beginning of the year, the Legislature of Puerto Rico has submitted several projects of law (above 15) to improve the quality of the public education system. These projects are not focused on benefiting students, and are far from being strategies to transform the public education system. They are temporary solutions that even compete with the services provided by the public education system. This column presents some of these projects and why they have an insignificant impact in the improvement of the public education system. The intention is to create awareness in the society about the urgency to mobilize society and demand for the establishment of a commission represented by the government and all sectors of society

Whilst some literature is of the view that; it is nearly impossible to cultivate good corporate governance culture in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), others believe that new strategies of implementing corporate governance systems together with political will can deliver SOEs out of their efficiency doldrums. This paper presents a scientific analysis of the contentious view on the possibility of creating efficient governance mechanisms in SOEs, explores the effective cost for governance failures in SOEs in Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Ethiopia. The paper makes conclusions and recommendation that the determinant factor to the success of SOEs in African countries is underpinned on the response of central government to the challenges of SOEs. Structural reforms, good governance, clear objectives and efficiency requires governments to take a decisive position. As a lasting remedial action, knowing which entities and when to offload them through privatisation, is an option in address...

Artikel ini bertujuan menggambarkan dampak dinamika penduduk yang memengaruhi pembangunan SDM dan kesejahteraan di Provinsi Sumatra Barat, dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari BPS Sumatra Barat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan dinamika penduduk yang ditunjukkan dengan indeks transisi demografi terkait secara signifikan dengan tingkat kesejahteraan. Kesejahteraan juga berhubungan dengan pencapaian di bidang pendidikan, penduduk yang bekerja di sektor pertanian, dan persentase penduduk yang bekerja selama 35 jam setiap minggunya. Ini mengindikasikan tingkat kesejahteraan berhubungan dengan tingkat pembangunan manusia. Ketika semua variabel digunakan untuk mengontrol hubungan transisi demografi dengan kesejahteraan, variabel yang terkait secara signifikan dengan indeks transisi demografi hanyalah persentase penduduk yang konsumsi makanannya 70 persen dari total pengeluarannya.

The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied ...