Climate

This paper examines the environmental and economic impact of cloudburst triggered debris flows and flash floods in the Himalaya. A case study of four villages affected by cloudburst calamity was conducted. Data were gathered by a household-level survey of affected villages and households. The authors visited the affected villages immediately after the cloudburst calamity and interviewed the head of all affected households. A total of 143 households were surveyed. First, the damage of houses, cowsheds, bridges, trees (forests and fruits) dislocation, degradation of total land along the streams and arable land in and around the villages were measured with the help of the head of households (environmental impact). The volume of debris, boulders, pebbles, gravels and mud was measured. Economic valuation of all losses was noted (economic impact). This study finds out that a large area of all villages was severely affected by cloudburst triggered debris flow and flash flood, because, they...

The Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS) has created the CHRS Data Portal to facilitate easy access to the three open data licensed satellite-based precipitation datasets generated by our Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) system: PERSIANN, PERSIANN-Cloud Classification System (CCS), and PERSIANN-Climate Data Record (CDR). These datasets have the potential for widespread use by various researchers, professionals including engineers, city planners, and so forth, as well as the community at large. Researchers at CHRS created the CHRS Data Portal with an emphasis on simplicity and the intention of fostering synergistic relationships with scientists and experts from around the world. The following paper presents an outline of the hosted datasets and features available on the CHRS Data Portal, an examination of the necessity of easily accessible public data, a comprehensive overview of the PERSIANN algori...

Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) is a valuable species for range seeding throughout the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain region. However, it has poor seedling vigor and establishment is often difficult. This study was designated to investigate the effects of added P and N on the seedling vigor of several species and strains of Elymus in comparison with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schutt.) and two common competing weeds (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum L., and Russian thistle, Salsola kali L.). Two factorial experiments were conducted in a greenhouse study involving seven grass species and strains and one forb. Plants were grown at two levels of N and two levels of P which were added to desert soil taken from the 0 to 8 cm and 8 to 30 cm profile depth. Leaf elongation was measured daily for 24 days after emergence. Tillers and leaf numbers were recorded. Harvest weights of leaves and roots were obtained after 49 days. The response of Russian wildrye to...

The Weather Research and Forecast model at ⅓° resolution is used to simulate the statistics of tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the present climate of the South Pacific. In addition to the large-scale conditions, the model is shown to reproduce a wide range of mesoscale convective systems. Tropical cyclones grow from the most intense of these systems formed along the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and sometimes develop into hurricanes. The three-dimensional structure of simulated tropical cyclones is in excellent agreement with dropsondes and satellite observations. The mean seasonal and spatial distributions of TC genesis and occurrence are also in good agreement with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) data. It is noted, however, that the spatial pattern of TC activity is shifted to the northeast because of a similar bias in the environmental forcing. Over the whole genesis area, 8.2 ± 3.5 cyclones are produced seasonally in the model, compared with 6.6 ± 3.0 in the JT...

Periodicity of temperature on three stations in the Nisava River valley in period 1949-2014, has been analyzed by means of Fourier and wavelet transforms. Combined periodogram based on fast Fourier transform shows considerable similarity among individual series and identifies significant periods on 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 5, 6-7, and 8.2 years in all datasets. Wavelet coherence analysis connects strongest 6-7 years spectral component to Mediterranean oscillation, starting in 1980s. Combined periodogram of Mediterranean oscillation index reveals 6-7 years spectral component as a dominant mode in period 1949-2014. Wavelet power spectra and partial combined periodograms show absence of 6-7 years component before 1975, after which this component becomes dominant in the spectrum. Consistency between alternation in temperature trend in the Nisava River valley and change in periodicity of Mediterranean oscillation was found.

Camel farming is increasing in Bangladesh but the nutritious value of the produced milk has not been studied in this geological location. The milk was coagulated by citric acid and the coagulated solid i.e. the casein (7%) and pure serum (14%) were obtained. Fat content was determined by extracting casein and the aqueous serum, separately with n-hexane and found 2.59% and 5.79%, respectively. The fatty acids in the fat from casein and serum were made into their methyl ester by saponification followed by esterification and analyzed by GC-FID. Palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids were predominant fatty acids found in the analyzed samples while stearic, arachidic, behenic and myristic acids were present as minor acids. Water, ash, nitrogen and lactose contents in the milk were 84%, 0.88%, 1.62% and 9.32%, respectively. The presence of vitamin B1, B2 and B6 were estimated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and found 388, 64 and 116 ppm, respectively.

The aim of this study was to study the phycotoxins variation from Container Terminal at the San-Pedro area (CTSP) and their potential associated risk. The methodology used consisted to collecte the phytoplankton of the remaining volume of sample taken using the Van Dorn bottle for the analysis of nutrient salts during June and July 2021 between 8 am and 3 pm in the differents stations from CTSP. Of 274 taxa collected in CTSP, a total of 20 phycotoxins was identified with a high diversity of the Dinophyta represented by 14 taxa and Cyanobacteria with 5 taxa. The first mission was characterized by a relatively number highest of Dinophyta taxa such as Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum micans, the last specie having observed in the majority of stations during the two sampling missions. During second mission, Cyanobacteria richness was high with a presence of Pseudanabaena catenata noted in all studies stations except the station S1 of site E. Except Pseudanabaena catenata which both syndrom and symptom were unidentified, eight syndroms such as Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), Aerosol toxicity (AST), Clupeotoxism (CPT) and Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) were individualised from phycotoxins identified. Due to the importance of the CTSP in the Ivorian economic and social activities, the interest of carrying out more in-depth studies would be necessary for the conservation of the biodiversity of this ecosystem, the presence of toxin-producing microorganisms could cause nuisances affecting all the links in the aquatic trophic chain and thus cause a serious threat to animals, human beings as well as aquatic plants than land irrigated with water contaminated by these toxins.

Bottom shrimp trawling on the Brazilian Amazon shelf is historically recognized by the environmental impacts and with the advent of technologies for detecting and locating shoals, the effects of using bottom trawls are even more intense. Thus, and considering the relationship of shrimp catches with climatic and oceanographic events, increasingly the nets operating along the coast of the Brazilian Amazon account for a greater number of dead organisms at sea. Our results show that direct or indirect, small, and medium scale events, such as sea surface temperature, the duration and intensity of the Amazon River hydrological cycle and the field of trade winds, as well as large scale events, like ENSO and heat flux in the Atlantic Ocean, interact with the shrimp fishery dynamics in the study area. The need for ways to control the impacts generated by fishing nets is evident, and the efforts of the Brazilian government are still little or almost never efficient in face of the political-economic mobilizations of the productive sector.

Lolium perenne (cv. AberDart) was grown at 14 locations along a latitudinal gradient across Europe (37–68°N) to study the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and climate on aboveground growth and foliar UV‐B absorbing compounds. At each location, plants were grown outdoors for 5 weeks in a replicated UV‐B filtration experiment consisting of open, UV‐B transparent (cellulose diacetate) and UV‐B opaque (polyester) environments. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy was used to compare plant metabolite profiles in relation to treatment and location. UV radiation and climatic parameters were determined for each location from online sources and the data were assessed using a combination of anova and multiple regression analyses. Most of the variation in growth between the locations was attributable to the combination of climatic parameters, with minimum temperature identified as an important growth constraint. However, no single environmental parameter could consistently account for t...

Unplanned occupation and extreme metocean events bring disasters to coastal lowlands. Such processes have promoted damages to backshore structures along the Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Northeast Brazil, harming goods, industries, tourism, traditional populations and sensitive ecosystems. The RN’s coast lacks long-term monitoring data of metocean drivers, which are useful for decision-takers. This study aims to assess extreme ocean waves off RN’s continental shelf. Time series of wind speed, tide and wave parameters have been obtained from AVISO satellite altimetry and ERA5 reanalysis, between 1979 and 2021, in a virtual station at 6.0ºS/34.7ºW. Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) fitting of wave significant high (Hs) was performed. Registers of disasters along the coast of study area were collected from local online media. Waves have reached Hs maximum of 3.30 m, average of 0.76 m, coming from east-southeast and southeast. Winter and spring seasons have presented higher waves,...

Una elevada proporción del territorio argentino corresponde a tierras secas yuna tercera parte de éstas se hallan en la Patagonia. Esta región históricamenteha sufrido procesos de deterioro del pastizal. Generalmente, la degradación es atribuida al uso ganadero; sin embargo, el efecto del clima sobre estos sistemas ha sido poco analizado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución del clima y de los pastizales naturales, a través de la identificación de variables que permitan comprender los posibles cambios en las existencias ganaderas para el noroeste de la provincia de Chubut, en el período 2000-2014. Para ello se analizaron diferentes tipos de datos: climáticos, índice verde normalizado (NDVI), lecturas de monitores MARAS y existencias ganaderas. Los resultados indican incrementos de temperatura y tendencias negativas de la productividad y estructura del pastizal. Asimismo se observó una disminución de las existencias ganaderas. El incremento de las temperaturas podría...

We examined seasonal patterns for entomological measures of risk for exposure to Culex vectors and West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) in relation to human WNV disease cases in a five-county area of northeastern Colorado during 2006–2007. Studies along habitat/elevation gradients in 2006 showed that the seasonal activity period is shortened and peak numbers occur later in the summer for Culex tarsalis Coquillett females in foothills-montane areas >1,600 m compared with plains areas <1,600 m in Colorado’s Front Range. Studies in the plains of northeastern Colorado in 2007 showed that seasonal patterns of abundance for Cx. tarsalis and Culex pipiens L. females differed in that Cx. tarsalis reached peak abundance in early July (mean of 328.9 females per trap night for 18 plains sites), whereas the peak for Cx. pipiens did not occur until late August (mean of 16.4 females per trap night). During June–September in 2007, which was a year of intense WNV activity in Colorado with 578 reported WNV disease cases, we recorded WNV-infected Cx. tarsalis females from 16 of 18 sites in the plains. WNV infection rates in Cx. tarsalis females increased gradually from late June to peak in mid-August (overall maximum likelihood estimate for WNV infection rate of 8.29 per 1,000 females for the plains sites in mid-August). No WNV-infected Culex mosquitoes were recorded from sites >1,600 m. The vector index for abundance of WNV-infected Cx. tarsalis females for the plains sites combined exceeded 0.50 from mid-July to mid-August, with at least one site exceeding 1.00 from early July to late August. Finally, we found that abundance of Cx. tarsalis females and the vector index for infected females were strongly associated with weekly numbers of WNV disease cases with onset 4–7 wk later (female abundance) or 1–2 wk later (vector index).

The impact of climate change and human activities on endangered plants has been a serious concern in forest ecology. Some Carpinus plants have become extinct. Thus, we need to pay more attention to the Carpinus plants that are not yet extinct but are endangered. Here, we employed the species distribution model (SDM) considering different climate change scenarios and human footprint to test the potential habitat changes of three Carpinus species (C. oblongifolia, C. tientaiensis, and C. purpurinervis) in the future. Our results showed that the mean diurnal range of temperature (MDRT), isothermality, mean temperature of wettest quarter, and human footprint were the most influential factors determining the distribution of C. oblongifolia. Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation), MDRT, and precipitation of driest quarter were the most important climatic factors affecting C. tientaiensis. The minimum temperature of the coldest month was the most important factor in the distr...

Ensemble forecasting is advocated as a way of reducing uncertainty in species distribution modeling (SDM). This is because it is expected to balance accuracy and robustness of SDM models. However, there are little available data regarding the spatial similarity of the combined distribution maps generated by different consensus approaches. Here, using eight niche-based models, nine split-sample calibration bouts (or nine random model-training subsets), and nine climate change scenarios, the distributions of 32 forest tree species in China were simulated under current and future climate conditions. The forecasting ensembles were combined to determine final consensual prediction maps for target species using three simple consensus approaches (average, frequency, and median [PCA]). Species&#39; geographic ranges changed (area change and shifting distance) in response to climate change, but the three consensual projections did not differ significantly with respect to how much or in which...

Climate is the primary driver of the distribution of tree species worldwide, and the potential for adaptive evolution will be an important factor determining the response of forests to anthropogenic climate change. Although association mapping has the potential to improve our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of climatically relevant traits, the utility of adaptive polymorphisms uncovered by such studies would be greatly enhanced by the development of integrated models that account for the phenotypic effects of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their interactions simultaneously. We previously reported the results of association mapping in the widespread conifer Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). In the current study we used the recursive partitioning algorithm &#39;Random Forest&#39; to identify optimized combinations of SNPs to predict adaptive phenotypes. After adjusting for population structure, we were able to explain 37% and 30% of the phenotypic variat...

Many communities are located near multiple sources of pollution, including current and former industrial sites, major roadways, and agricultural operations. Populations in such locations are predominantly low-income, with a large percentage of minorities and non-English speakers. These communities face challenges that can affect the health of their residents, including limited access to health care, a shortage of grocery stores, poor housing quality, and a lack of parks and open spaces. Environmental exposures may interact with social stressors, thereby worsening health outcomes. Age, genetic characteristics, and preexisting health conditions increase the risk of adverse health effects from exposure to pollutants. There are existing approaches for characterizing cumulative exposures, cumulative risks, and cumulative health impacts. Although such approaches have merit, they also have significant constraints. New developments in exposure monitoring, mapping, toxicology, and epidemiolo...

Generally, it is believed that change in climate is driven by natural and human induced disturbances of the earth energy balance. In Nigeria, the perturbation of the earth energy balance is caused majorly by human induced carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is an important heat-trapping greenhouse gas, which is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration. The study examined the relative influence of XCO 2 on climate variables and rice yield in Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria. The instrument used was the Greenhouse Gas Observation Satellite (GOSAT), which uses the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS). Transform Spectrometer (FTS) exporter tool was used for scanning XCO 2. Regression model and forecast model were also employed in the study. The results indicated that from 2009 to 2020, XCO 2 increased from 390.98 ppmv to 399.59 ppmv. Maximum temperature moved from 32.51℃ to 33.23℃ and minimum temperature fluxed between 17.38℃ to 14.12℃. Radiation increased from 86.93 to 89.23 W/m 2 and albedo fluxed around 0.16 to 0.15. Relative humidity decreased from 87.69% to 85.31% and precipitation fluxed between 1,518.75 mm to 1,608.4 mm. Rice yield fluxed between 19306 100g/ha to 26709 100g/ha. The rice yield graph shows that rice yield from 2021 to 2030 is expected to be constant at 19,794.97 100g/ha if XCO 2 continues to increase from 400 to 404.83 ppmv. This means maximum temperature is expected to be constant at 32.59℃ and minimum temperature may decrease from 17.05℃ to 15.88℃. Radiation may increase from 89.59 to 99.3 and albedo is expected to remain at 0.16. Relative humidity is expected to decrease from 85.64% to 84% and precipitation is expected to be constant at 1,781.984 mm. The study therefore recommended that an ambiguous target of 30% reduction of carbon dioxide should be set to reduce the level of carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere before 2025 or 2030.

Worldwide decomposition rates depend both on climate and the legacy of plant functional traits as litter quality. To quantify the degree to which functional differentiation among species affects their litter decomposition rates, we brought together leaf trait and litter mass loss data for 818 species from 66 decomposition experiments on six continents. We show that: (i) the magnitude of species‐driven differences is much larger than previously thought and greater than climate‐driven variation; (ii) the decomposability of a species’ litter is consistently correlated with that species’ ecological strategy within different ecosystems globally, representing a new connection between whole plant carbon strategy and biogeochemical cycling. This connection between plant strategies and decomposability is crucial for both understanding vegetation–soil feedbacks, and for improving forecasts of the global carbon cycle.

Drought is a widespread phenomenon in the context of global climate change. Owing to the geographical location of Hunan Province in the middle reaches of Yangtze River and the abundance of forests area in this region with a large population, there is a need to focus on the impacts of drought for devising policies. The spatiotemporal distribution scheme of a given area must be determined to plan water management and protect ecosystems effectively. This study proposes a framework for exploring the spatiotemporal distribution model of drought using comprehensive surveys of historical meteorological stations, which consists of two parts, namely the characteristics of drought extraction in the spatiotemporal distribution and drought models discovered by the clustering method. Firstly, we utilized the run theory to extract drought characteristics, such as drought duration, drought severity, and drought intensity. Secondly, the K-means clustering method was adopted to explore the distribut...

ERA-Interim has been widely considered as a valid proxy for observations at global and regional scales. However, the verifications of ERA-Interim precipitation and temperature in mainland China have been rarely conducted, especially in the spatial and long-term performances. Therefore, in this study, we employed the interpolated ground station (STA) data to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns and trends of ERA-Interim precipitation and temperature during 1980–2012. The results showed that relatively weaker performances were observed in ERA-Interim precipitation, with the skill score (S index) ranging from 0.41 to 0.50. Interannual ERA-Interim precipitation presented comparable trends with STA precipitation at the annual and seasonal scales. Spatial patterns of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes and corresponding principal components were evidently different between annual ERA-Interim and STA precipitation. For temperature, annual and seasonal patterns of ERA-Interim da...

A conceptual precipitation–runoff model was applied in five glacierized catchments in Central Asia. The model, which was first developed and applied in the Alps, works on a daily time step and yields good results in the more continental climate of the Tien Shan mountains for present-day climate conditions. Runoff scenarios for different climates (doubling of CO2) and glacierization conditions predict an increased flood risk as a first stage and a more complex picture after a complete glacier loss: a higher discharge during spring due to an earlier and more intense snowmelt is followed by a water deficiency in hot and dry summer periods. This unfavourable seasonal redistribution of the water supply has dramatic consequences for the Central Asian lowlands, which depend to a high degree on the glacier melt water for irrigation and already nowadays suffer from water shortages.