British History

Cette introduction à l'étude anthropologique de la langue irlandaise à l'époque contemporaine présente le processus historique au cours duquel celle-ci a progressivement été délaissée au profit de l'anglais à partir du XVIIe siècle. En s'attachant à décrire les effets de la Grande Famine (1848-1852) et ses répliques sur la communauté irlandophone dans un contexte de grande tension politique intérieure, d'une part, mais aussi les défis relevés par les mouvements restaurationnistes depuis leur émergence au XIXe siècle jusqu'après la fondation de l'Etat Libre d'Irlande en 1922, d'autre part, elle tente de dresser le tableau des enjeux liés à la survie du patrimoine linguistique et culturel de l'Irlande aujourd'hui.

Este trabalho pretende destacar, de forma introdutória, a partir da Summa Teológica (STh. Ia-IIae, q. 94) como Tomás de Aquino define e justifica a Lei Natural, estabelecendo relações com a Prudência, tendo como eixo norteador a noção de bem comum, numa perspectiva transcendental. O texto destaca ainda como esses bens comuns conduzem a uma visão normativa do papel das inclinações humanas naturais na concepção de Lei Natural, inferindo daí, uma ética natural.

Darjeeling Hill station was a creation of the colonial govt. It was a fast developing town among the Hill stations of British India. Along with its growth as a sanitorium, it emerged as a educational centre especially the hub of English medium schools and convents. In this direction the major role was played by various missionary associations. It was found that Darjeeling hills including  Kurseong  and Kalimpong attracted students not only from different parts of British India, princely states of India but also neighbouring countries of Bhutan and Nepal. But in the post colonial period specially during and after the Gorkha land movement Darjeeling hills witnessed a massive decline as an educational hub. Side by side Siliguri a fast growing town of Darjeeling district in the plains ,is becoming the fast growing educational centre of English medium schools  lagging behind Darjeeling hills. The present  paper ie an attempt to view the reasons behind such major shift of an educational hub of the colonial period to a fast growing town in the post colonial period. Darjeeling hills is the only hill station of the state of West Bengal situated in its northern part. On the other hand Siliguri town, rapid growing city and the only municipal corporation not only in the district of Darjeeling but also in North Bengal. In preparing this paper multi disciplinary will be followed.

Antik dönemde Adriyatik Denizi’nin doğusunda, Illyria adıyla bilinen bölgede birbirleriyle çok az kültürel ve etnik bağları olan, birbirlerinden bağımsız kabileler yaşamıştır. Hellen ve Romalı yazarlar Illyria’yı vahşi ve izole bir bölge gibi algıladıklarından, Illyria meseleleri ve onların diğer halklarla olan etkileşimleri hakkında verdikleri bilgiler genelde sınırlıdır. Her ne kadar Illyria tarihine dair detaylar halen belirsizliğini korusa da arkeolojik ve epigrafik kanıtlar sayesinde Illyrialıların kökenleri, dilleri, yaşam tarzları ve komşu halklarla olan ilişkileri hakkındaki bilgilerimiz gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Tarihsel kaynaklarda korsanlık eylemleri ile ön plana çıkan Illyrialıların, geçimlerini bu yoldan sağladıkları konusunda antik yazarlar birtakım anekdotlar sunmuşlardır. Korsanların Adriyatik ve Ion Denizi’ndeki yağmacı tavırları, İtalya ve Hellas’tan gelen gemileri soymaları ve tüccarları öldürmeleri bir süre sonra Romalılar ve Illyrialıları karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Bununla ilgili olarak Romalıların Adriyatik Denizi’nin doğu kıyısında elde ettiği kontrolün niteliği ve kapsamı, en erken ne zaman başladığı hep bir merak konusu olmuştur.
Roma’nın doğu yönünde yayılışının anlaşılmasında, Kraliçe Teuta önemli bir kişiliktir. Onun hakimiyet döneminin (MÖ yaklaşık 231-227), Romalıların Adriyatik Denizi’nin doğusundaki bölgelere ilk askeri müdahalesinin ve Illyria halklarının Roma nüfuzuna girme sürecinin başlangıcı olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Savaşın sebebi çoğunlukla korsanlık faaliyetlerine bağlansa da esasen kaynaklar, Teuta ve Romalılar arasındaki savaşın patlak vermesine ilişkin çelişkili bilgiler vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kraliçe Teuta ve savaştaki rolüne odaklanarak Romalıların Adriyatik’e müdahale etmelerindeki temel motivasyonları hakkında birtakım çıkarımlarda bulunmaktır.

This was a lecture delivered by Michael Ezra to Pembroke College, Oxford on November 5, 2013 regarding the Workers Revolutionary Party, a British Trotskyist political party that had extreme views. The focus of the lecture was on the apocalyptic view - either there would be a socialist revolution or there would be barbarism and disaster.

A century after his death, the author reflects on the implications of Corbett's maritime strategic thought for Britain's evolving defence role, and raises some hard questions policy-makers and naval professionals alike should consider carefully. (By kind permission of the Author first published in Naval Review in Summer 2022). A 10 minute read.

This article examines a group of five surviving twelfth- and thirteenth-century wax seal impressions from the British Isles that depict a scene of an armed knight in combat with a lion. This seal motif has tenuously been linked with crusading in the past, and so this paper seeks to address the connections between the sigillants and crusade, as well as the significance of commemoration of crusade culture on medieval seals. It highlights numerous links between this specific design and crusading experiences, literature and allegory. This paper focuses on an aspect of the medieval memory of crusade and the means of displaying chivalric, crusading identities within literate culture (on charters and letters) and in personal adornment.

Military aviation saw rapid development in terms of technology and strategic thinking since the outbreak of the First World War. The appearance of the “new” weapon was destined to significantly impact the defences and perceptions of security not only of all those great powers involved in the conflict but also of the entire international community.
Diplomacy could only act accordingly, trying to establish a multilateral dialogue to regulate the military and civil use of aviation. It also took into consideration the abolition of aerial bombardment as a military tool. One of the major concerns that emerged in the diplomatic talks concerned the threat that air warfare posed to populations. Considering what happened during the First World War, it was clear that aerial bombardment did not represent a “simple” act of war but implied several humanitarian consequences in relation to the vulnerability of civilians.
In the meantime, in Italy, strategic thinkers such as Giulio Douhet stressed the efficiency of strategic bombing for military, political and economic purposes. Italo Balbo, who was Undersecretary and Minister of Air between 1926 and 1933, was against any form of limitation of aviation since it would have represented a serious obstacle in his attempt to put the newly-formed Italian Royal Air Force on the same level as the national Army and the Navy. In his opinion, banning aerial bombardment would have implied not only the marginalization of Douhet’s war theory, on which the raison d’être of the Italian Air Force as an independent armed force was largely based, but also prevented a “poor” nation like Italy from having a “cheap” but effective instrument of deterrence and coercion.
The paper intends to put the development of air power and the Italian Royal Air Force in the diplomatic context of the interwar years, particularly between 1919 and 1933. It aims to examine the problem of strategic bombing when disarmament was at the top of the agenda of the international community, even in relation to the danger to civilian populations and urban space.

La relazione vuole far emergere il ruolo del Primo Ministro conservatore Robert Peel nell’affermazione dei principi del libero scambio nella politica britannica.
Il XIX Secolo aveva visto la fioritura del liberismo nella teoria economica e la nascita del moderno protezionismo nelle politiche commerciali. Paul Bairoch descrive quell’epoca come «un oceano di protezionismo che circondava poche isole liberiste». Punto di svolta in questo processo è costituito dalla storica abolizione delle Corn Laws del 15 maggio del 1846. Tale data viene giustamente considerata come l’inizio dell’età del libero scambio.
In Gran Bretagna la lotta politica tra sostenitori del liberismo e fautori del protezionismo iniziava all’indomani della fine delle guerre napoleoniche. Le Corn Laws introdotte nel 1815 proibivano l’importazione di cereali; ostacolo al libero scambio rimaneva la pesante protezione garantita all’agricoltura nazionale. Nel 1846 Peel aboliva le Corn Laws dopo anni di dibattiti sorti all’interno del paese e del partito conservatore, lo stesso che si era presentato all’elettorato come il sostenitore del protezionismo. Da allora, tutti i governi britannici avrebbero perseguito una politica commerciale liberista, divenendo sempre più un’economia aperta.
Nel contributo si affrontano le motivazioni, teoriche e pratiche, che portarono Robert Peel a seguire la strada del libero scambio, spaccando di fatto il suo partito tra sostenitori e avversari del liberismo. O’Rourke e Williamson si chiedono infatti il perché Peel scelse l’abrogazione delle Corn Laws, compromettendo di fatto la sua carriera politica. 
Elementi centrali nell’azione di governo di Peel sono stati da un lato, la sua convinzione sui benefici arrecati al sistema economico dalla liberalizzazione del commercio e dall’altro, il realismo politico di fronte alla incombente carestia in Irlanda. Divenuto paladino del liberismo, Peel andava contro il suo stesso partito in quanto aveva compreso l’efficienza del libero scambio per far superare al suo paese quella fase di stagnazione, aggravata dall’incombente carestia in Irlanda.
Nel dibattito emerge anche il ruolo crescente assunto dai gruppi di interesse sulle scelte politiche e soprattutto sull’opinione pubblica britannica, sia quelli a sostegno delle classi agricole, ormai in declino, sia quelli a sostegno delle classi manifatturiere in ascesa.
Nell’estate del 1845 l’inclemenza del clima e il disastroso raccolto di patate in Irlanda acceleravano il processo di liberalizzazione. La riforma doganale stimolava direttamente e indirettamente il commercio internazionale, concretizzandosi nella ratifica del trattato commerciale anglo-francese del 1860. Il trattato, seguito da una serie di trattati simili, determinava un vero e proprio disarmo tariffario nel Continente, raggiungendo il punto più alto del liberismo europeo, tanto da aprire una nuova fase nella storia delle relazioni diplomatiche e commerciali; l’età del libero scambio.
Il contributo vuole sottolineare infine come le riforme del governo Peel mettevano in pratica le teorie degli economisti del suo tempo, in particolare gli scritti di Frederic Bastiat e i discorsi di Richard Cobden, leader della “AntiCorn Laws League”, attuando quella completa libertà di commercio che, aprendo il mercato alle forze della libera impresa competitiva, perseguiva l’ideale della pace tra le nazioni attraverso il libero scambio.

This article connects with and builds on recent research on workmen's compensation and disability focussing on the Scottish coalfields between the wars. It draws upon a range of primary sources including coal company accident books, court cases and trade union records to analyse efforts to define and redefine disability, examining the language deployed and the agency of workers and their advocates. It is argued here that the workmen's compensation system associated disability with restricted functionality relating to work tasks and work environments. Disability became more visible and more closely monitored and this was a notably contested and adversarial terrain in Scotland in the Depression, where employers, workers and their collective organisations increasingly deployed medical expertise to support their cases regarding working and disabled bodies. In Scotland, the miners' trade unions emerged as key advocates for the disabled.

This chapter presents a concise overview of the evolution and development of Irish suburbia from the nineteenth century to the present. As well as charting the changing nature, form, function and meaning of the Irish suburb, the chapter also recognises key phases in its development that reflect social, political and economic change. It reveals that while the growth and development of Irish suburbia largely mirrors the American and British experience, Irish suburbia has its own particular character and unique cultures.

Description and history of an English country house, still occupied by the same family for 500 years. History has left its mark with evidence of Roman occupation, the Saxon Kingdoms, Monasteries, Vikings, the Reformation, the first English settlement in America at Jamestown, and the Napoleonic Wars.

Neighborhoods and urban contexts are full of potential hidden inside them in an intangible form and can be used for their development and sustainability. Therefore, studying, discovering, and using them can help revive worn and historical textures. These mental factors include things not in the city's outward appearance but in its heart and memory. The mindscape of the city includes everything that has meaning for its residents. Collective memories lead to strengthening their sense of belonging. The sense of belonging and collective memory is one factor that promotes social participation in the neighborhood and urban contexts. Social involvement is an efficient factor in facilitating neighborhood management, attracting investment, and helping environmental issues. Finally, it plays an influential role in sustaining life in urban contexts. Despite the plans that have been made to promote the sense of collective memory and increase the sense of belonging to the place, Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood has yet to achieve its growth and prosperity as in the past. Therefore, this paper focuses on studying how mindscape can help the sustainability and development of cities. The research method in this paper is based on document study, the review of documents related to prominent research in the fields of objective landscape, place identity, sense of place, and surface, and was carried out by descriptive-analytical research method. The method of collecting information is in two forms: documentary and field. Field information will be collected through two questionnaires (see Appendices A and B) from residents and experts. In this research, after reviewing and studying the documents and analyzing the field data, we present the proposed model of the influential factors of the mental landscape in the sustainability of urban contexts and draw the following conclusions: The concept of the mindscape holds significant importance in the context of creating sustainable cities and communities. It encompasses belonging, collective memories, and factors promoting social participation. Safeguarding and nurturing collective memory, the sense of place, belonging, and social participation are crucial in sustaining the mindscape and ensuring the long-term well-being * Corresponding author.

The article discusses the ways in which Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué’s (1777-1843) three-volume novel "The Réfugié" (1824) intertwines different histories and experiences of migration related to German-speaking contexts, ranging from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. The chapter shows how de la Motte Fouqué, himself descended from a long line of French religious refugees, mediates knowledges about the disintegration of Huguenot diasporas in Germany and empathetically explores the
challenges of political exile around 1800.