19th and 20th Century United States

The purpose of this paper is to explore the social, economic, and political benefits for African American females who cross-dressed to join both the Confederate and Union Armies during the American Civil War. The benefits gained by the African American women who disguised themselves as males improved their overall quality of life when compared to other African American women of their era. The improved quality of life for these disguised women was made available through the increased number of options granted to African American males in the social, economic, and political spheres that were denied to African American women. The results were increased status in all three spheres for the select group of women who were able to successfully disguise their gender through the end of the Civil War

..."...Las relaciones regionales como las bilaterales están expuesta con cristalina realidad en el profundo pensar de don Simón Bolívar en la carta referida a la cita que se expone en esta corta misiva dirigida a todas y todos los patriotas en estos precisos momentos cuando las ultra-derechas que hacen vida en la Nación como sus cohortes extranjeros emergen, una vez más,  como “aves heridas con plomo en sus alas” expresándose en contra de la Patria, su Estado y de su Presidente constitucional, Nicolás Maduro Moros, como líder y conductor elegido por los pueblos venezolanos, como responsable del continuar del “pensamiento y vida de Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías” como base fundamental al proceso revolucionario venezolano y allende..."...

Resumen La relación de intereses comunes entre la monarquía hispánica y la curia pontificia durante cuatro largos siglos se vio trastocada definitivamente en 1898 cuando las consecuencias del denominado Desastre urgieron a una aproximación a un nuevo valedor del catolicismo en las antiguas posesiones españolas. La negociación del Vaticano con la administración estadounidense, fuertemente arropada por la creciente influencia de la jerarquía episcopal en el país de las mil religiones, manifestó muy pronto que los intereses católicos se verían mejor protegidos por la imposición de la Pax Americana que por el decrépito Imperio hispánico. Tal cambio guardia tuvo inicialmente consecuencias muy notables para el futuro de la Iglesia católica en el Caribe y el Pacífico, pero serviría además para alimentar una confianza mutua que resultaría decisiva para el futuro.

. Vivimos un momento internacional sumamente grave para la vida de la Entente. La opinión inglesa busca, desea, se impacienta por lograr la conciliación. Los Estados Unidos rehúyen obrar en una obra insensata. Y estas actividades, claramente expuestas, tienen forzosamente que repercutir en Europa hasta abrir un cauce caudaloso y cristalino a una política serena, juiciosa, humanitaria y armónica.

None of the Above

This one-page Essay was posted on Academia.edu for Discussion, and of my 160+ followers, Academia notified eleven (11) of them of the Discussion – Thank you Academia.edu. As this Essay was not added to my Profile as being uploaded, it probably was not added to Academia’s list of uploaded files. So, I am again uploading this important Essay in an effort to have it added to my Profile, and to the important list of files that is the foundation and glory of Academia.edu.

Emmett F. Fields

This study examines the organic emergence and evolution of discernible patterns in the tactical behavior of Major General William T. Sherman's Fifteenth Army Corps of the Army of the Tennessee across its first year operating within the western theater of the American Civil War. It analyzes the ways in which specific experiences and patterns of meaning-making within the corps's regiments and batteries led to the emergence of a distinctive corps-level "tactical culture." This concept, introduced for the first time within the dissertation, is defined as a collection of shared, historically-derived, normative ideas, beliefs, assumptions, and habitual behaviors that inform a subordinate military command's particular approach to the prosecution of its assigned objectives on or off the battlefield. The dissertation employs the research methodologies of "new military history" to inform an older "traditional" historiography in an effort to frame what...

None of the Above.

Nazi Germany was the ideal Christian Nation of the modern world, with laws to exterminate all “inferior” races and handicapped individuals. Atheism and Secular thought were outlawed and Education was deep brainwashing under the control of the Catholic Church*. Naziism was the Christian Dark Ages brought up to date, modernized and elegantly installed. All this perfect horror was destroyed in WWII. Now it is the United States of America that is being politically corrected to replace Nazi Germany as the perfect insane Christian Nation of the world.

The American election of 2024 is only to decide which Christian insanity will rule America; not one politician offers to RETURN the United States to the Ideals of Liberty established by the American Constitution.

Now in power is the Christian faction that, like Nazi Germany, is fighting an open war against Atheism and Progress – and for mindless hate as issued from Rome against Communism, Socialism, Atheism, Americanism**, and every other ideology that would advance humanity – but destroy the power of Rome.

Opposed to that Christianity is the Christian Dictatorship of Mr. Trump, and dumbed-down American Protestantism of the infamous January 6, 2021 attack on U.S. Congress, to murder opposing politicians and rule America by force. To both these Christian horrors I say:

None of the Above.

Emmett F. Fields

* Doing research for this was difficult, the new history has made the Villains into Heroes and facts are hard to find, but I finally found the September 10, 1933 Concordat that gave the Catholic Church control of Germen Education under the Nazi regime. The Concordat between the Holy See and the German State starts on page 8 of ‘Church and State in Germany’, you can read this 14-page publication here:

https://www.academia.edu/104794230/Concordat_Between_The_Holy_See_And_The_German_Reich

The part on school control are these Articles:

ARTICLE 21: Instruction in Catholic religion at elementary, middle and higher schools is obligatory for Catholic pupils and will be given in accordance with the principles of the Church. Emphatically religion must be taught in the spirit of Christian doctrine and moral law so as to develop a patriotic, civic and social sense of duty, as is the practice in the other branches of instruction. The subject matter and text books for religious instruction will be selected in agreement with the Church authorities. To these authorities opportunities will be given by the school boards to ascertain whether pupils receive their religious instruction in accordance with the demands of the Church.

ARTICLE 22: When Catholic teachers are to be employed for teaching religion, an understanding between the bishop and the State government must precede. Teachers, who because of their doctrine or moral conduct have been declared by the bishop as unfit shall not continue to be employed as teachers of religion so long as that obstacle remains.

ARTICLE 23: Schools of Catholic faith are guaranteed their continuance and new schools of the same kind may be established. In all communities where parents demand it, Catholic public schools will be opened whenever the number of pupils warrant it.

ARTICLE 24: In all Catholic elementary schools only teachers belonging to the Church and approved by the Catholic Church are to be employed.

ARTICLE 25: Holy orders and religious congregations are entitled within the provisions of the general laws of the land to establish and carryon private schools. Such schools, in so far as they follow the curricula of the State schools, are to be accredited like them to the universities. For the employment of members of holy orders or of religious associations as teachers in elementary, middle and higher schools the same conditions apply as to other State teachers.

** In 1899, Pope Leo XIII issued his encyclical Testem Benevolentiae about the dangers of “Americanism.” See:

Pope Leo XIII’s Condemnation of Americanism – Tradistae

If you are not Catholic you may think the doings of the CEOs (Popes) of that church are of no concern to you, but that is a dangerous assumption; that insane powerful church intends to rule the world and every aspect of your private life weather you are Catholic or not. The horror produced by that church over the centuries cannot be exaggerated.

Emmett F. Fields

Through interviews ( n = 40) and surveys ( n = 140) with separate samples of U.S. defense attorneys practicing criminal law in a Northeastern state, we utilize a mixed-methods approach to explore police procedural transgressions (e.g., pretextual stops, overreaching searches) during stops, searches, and seizures. With a structural equation path model, we examine whether and how procedural justice (an assessment of “the means” to control crime) and police effectiveness (an assessment of police performance or “the ends”) affect each other and influence perceptions of police legitimacy. Our findings indicate that procedural justice enhances perceptions of police legitimacy, whereas police effectiveness does not have an effect. Policy implications for developing mechanisms that discourage procedural transgressions by police are discussed.

The title says it all: the first of five scene-by-scene review of the HBO Series White House Plumbers, which seeks to separate what actually happened from what this limited series depicts happened. The paper also fills in most of the blanks, unmentioned events, and provides the necessary background.

This represents an area of my historical expertise, which I seldom have the opportunity to exercise. I thoroughly enjoyed composing this review.

Dieser kleine Band umfasst neben einer Einleitung der Übersetzerin zwei Essays von Rancière, in denen er sich mit dem Verhältnis von Politik und Ästhetik auseinandersetzt. Der erste ("Die Aufteilung des Sinnlichen. Ästhetik und Politik.") kreist dabei um die Fragen, wie die politische Sphäre überhaupt konstituiert wird und welche Implikationen sich daraus ergeben. Rancières These ist nämlich, dass ihr historisch wandelbare Wahrnehmungssysteme zugrunde liegen, die "zugleich den Ort und den Gegenstand der Politik als Form der Erfahrung" vorgeben. Bei diesem Aufsatz handelt es sich um ein schriftliches Interview mit Rancière, in dem er nach den Implikationen seines vielleicht bekanntesten Werks, "Das Unvernehmen", gefragt wird. Es ist in der Tat für Personen mit einem akademischen Hintergrund geschrieben - für diese eignet es sich aber wunderbar als Einstieg in das Denken Rancières. Relativ gut verständlich (also im Vergleich dazu wie Rancière sonst schreibt) werden darin auf knapp 50 Seiten eine breite Palette an Themen verhandelt, die von antiker Philosophie über die gesamte Geschichte der (europäischer) Kunst bis hin zur modernen Geschichtswissenschaft reichen. Beim zweiten Aufsatz ("Die Politik der Kunst und ihre Paradoxien") handelt es sich gewissermaßen um die Kehrseite des ersten. Denn wenn der Politik Wahrnehmungssysteme zu Grunde liegen, dann gilt es Kunstwerke danach zu befragen, wie sie sich zu diesen Wahrnehmunsgsystemen verhalten. Rancière stellt daher provokante These auf, "dass die Kunst eine eigene Politik besitzt, die [...] dem Willen der Künstler voran geht." Das bedeutet, dass reaktionäre Künstler fortschrittliche Kunst schaffen können - und fortschrittliche Künstler reaktionäre Kunst. Rancière verhandelt dies hier an einigen Beispielen. Eine anregende Lektüre für alle, die an einer theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit Politik, Kunst oder Geschichtswissenschaft interessiert sind.

The Wenner collection contains copies of first editions of the most important published documents in the 200-year scientific history of the greenhouse effect. This paper serves as the catalog for the Wenner collection by describing the most important scientific findings relating to the greenhouse effect and the documents that communicated these findings. It begins with a brief description of the important concepts, follows with a history of scientific development over the past 200 years, and concludes with references to the related scientific documents, all of which are in the Wenner collection.

The Wenner collection contains copies of first editions of the most important published documents in the 200-year scientific history of the greenhouse effect. This paper serves as the catalog for the Wenner collection by describing the most important scientific findings relating to the greenhouse effect and the documents that communicated these findings. It begins with a brief description of the important concepts, follows with a history of scientific development over the past 200 years, and concludes with references to the related scientific documents, all of which are in the Wenner collection.

Do sada se o Hladnom ratu razmišljalo uglavnom u kontekstu sukoba SAD-a i Sovjetskog Saveza, odnosno kapitalističkoga i socijalističkog tipa svijeta nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata do njegova zaključenja rušenjem Berlinskoga zida, ujedinjenja zapadnoga i istočnog dijela Njemačke, te konačno raspada Sovjetskoga Saveza. Povjesničar Odd Arne Westad svojom knjigom The Cold War izdanom 2017. godine uvelike je proširio pogled na Hladni rat promotrivši ga kao pojavu u razdoblju od stotinjak godina, odnosno od kraja 19. stoljeća do devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća. U izdanju Frakture iz tiska je 2021. izišao hrvatski prijevod spomenute knjige naslovljen "Povijest Hladnog rata". U 22 poglavlja knjige autor analizira faktore koji su doveli do jačanja američke moći i poraza sovjetskoga tipa socijalizma.

Following the Brown decision of 1954 and challenges to Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Movement began to dominate the politics of the South, both in its promotion and backlash. This course will consider the complexity of Southern culture, the legacy of Civil Rights and the efforts of Whites to reverse Civil Rights legislations through a "Southern Strategy" and dominance of the Republican Party in the South.

The Jews of Florida: A History aish.com/the-jews-of-florida-a-history/ Florida Becomes an American Territory Florida became an American territory in 1821, and between 30 and 40 Jews lived in the northern part of the state. Samuel Myers, a lawyer, settled in Pensacola in 1821. In 1822, his wife Louisa gave birth to Virginia Myers, the first documented Jewish child born in Florida.

An Informal But Extremely Informative Discussion of the Manual of Discipline Used by Continental Army Light Dragoons

Courtesy of Daniel Murphy, 3d Continental Light Dragoons
(posted in an online forum)


    I'm a member of a unit that portrays the 3d Continental Light Dragoons (CLD). At living histories we often do mounted drill demonstrations. For years it has bugged me whether I was using the correct drill during these public demos. To date I've found no rock solid evidence as to exactly what drill the CLDs used during the war. However, I believe the field has narrowed considerably, particularly in regard to the 3dCLD, and now offers us a leading candidate due to the research of three individuals, Lee McGee, Francis Kajencki and Sam Fore – please note my name is not among them, I've only borrowed facts they have either shared from their research or previously published.
First lets look at the leading candidates for a CLD drill.

Steuben's drill.
A British drill.
A French drill.
A Prussian drill.

    I've ruled out Steuben's for two reasons. The first is it's simply an incomplete drill and would not allow a commander to take the field and operate in an effective manner. The second reason for dismissal is it's date of publication. 1794. If anyone out there can produce an earlier version of Steuben's mounted drill please say so.
    A British drill? Quite possible. Obviously there was a strong British influence on the American military leftover from the prewar militia system. People often cite Robert Hinde's Discipline of the Light Horse published in 1778. Allowing time for circulation, acceptance and adoption that stretches the plausibility of Hinde's as an option but does not entirely rule it out. However, Hinde's Discipline of the Light Horse is actually an amalgamation of two drills; that for the light troop within a regiment of heavy dragoons and that for Light Dragoons proper. The two drills within Hinde's are solid, effective drills and some form of them could well have been available to Continental Light Dragoon commanders.
    A French drill? Most likely such a beast would have been popular with Continental officers. Dr. Lee McGee published a excellent paper at the S[outhern]C[ampaigns of the] A[merican] R[evolution] cavalry conference titled European Influences on Continental Cavalry and detailed the service of one Augustin La Balme who was appointed Inspector General for the Continental Cavalry, July 8, 1777. La Blame had served in the French Gend D'Armes (heavy cavalry) and he also published two treatsies on French cavalry. But La Blame resigned shortly after Count Casimir Pulaski was appointed brigadier general to command the four CLD regiments on Sept 15 1777. So was there a French drill used by the CLD regiments? McGee's paper cites a letter dated Jan 15 1778 from Henry Lutterloh (Washington's deputy quartermaster) to John Laurens (Washington's aide de camp) which supports this conclusion but hints that La Blame was not well received, stating that Pulaski would be an improvement over La Blame, as La Blame had no prior service in light cavalry. So apparently some CLDs did receive some sort of brief instruction in French drill.
    A Prussian drill? As previously mentioned Count Casimir Pulaski was appointed to command the four CLD regiments. I would suggest everyone read Francis Kajencki's book Casimir Pulaski: Cavalry Commander of the American Revolution At this time after the Seven Years War the Prussian cavalry was considered some of the best in the world and Pulaski ordered all CLD regiments to translate and adopt the Prussian cavalry drill. See the Washington papers online. Pulaski to Washington: Dec 29, 1777. So all CLD regiments were ordered to adopt a Prussian drill.
    Further evidence is Pulaski's choice for a riding master, Michael Kovats. Kovats was a veteran of the Seven years War and a former officer in the Prussian Hussars. Was Kovats a mounted version of von Steuben? Perhaps briefly but due to personality issues, Pulaski resigned his post as brigade commander in March of 1778.
    Cited in Lee McGee's European Influences on Continental Cavalry is a study done by Dr Ira Gruber of Rice University on military literature commonly found in British officers' private libraries. One recurring work was William Fawcett's English translation of Regulations for the Prussian Cavalry, printed 1757. This same drill is available online:
http://tinyurl.com/2fwdzv
    Just the list of official subscribers for the work was nine pages long, suggesting quite a wide circulation and being initially published some eighteen years before the start of our revolution I think it's safe to assume that Continental officers would have had access to this work. But was the Prussian drill continued after Pulaski's resignation? There is some evidence it was continued in the 3dCLD.
    When Pulaski resigned from command of the four CLD regiments he formed his own legion of light cavalry and infantry and took his riding master, Michael Kovats, with him. Kovats was killed outside Charleston in May of 1779. Pulaski was later killed at Savannah in Oct. of 1779. Command of Pulaski's Legion then passed to Maj. Francois Vernier who was in turn killed at Monck's Corner in April 1780. (You can't say you never saw a dead cavalryman in this war!)
    After Vernier's death, Capt. Lebrun de Bellecour, an officer serving under Vermier, wrote a letter to General Benjamin Lincoln on March 24, 1780. Sam Fore, former archivist for Colonial Williamsburg, kindly shared this letter with me. In it Bellecour requests that he and his men be posted with William Washington and his 3dCLD "where the discipline is so well kept"
    I don't believe Bellecour was referring to how well the 3dCLD saluted. Note that the term discipline was often used in the 18th C as a way of describing a craft, sphere of knowledge or a way of doing things. I believe Bellecour was referring to the 3dCLD's drill, the same drill used by Pulaski and later Vernier.
    The reader should keep in mind that Francois Vernier and William Washington operated together in 1780 outside of Charleston. It may be the Pulaski/Prussian drill was adopted by Washington in this later 1780 campaign, and not at the time Pulaski initially ordered it in 1777.
    Now I'm not saying there's a smoking gun here but we do know the following:

1. Prussian drill was ordered adopted by Pulaski when he took command of all CLDs in 1777.
2. Michael Kovats, Pulaski's drill instructor, was a former captain in the Prussian Hussars.
3. Fawcett's translation made the Prussian drill available to Continental officers.
4. Captain Bellecour, an officer familiar with Pulaski's drill, compliments the 3d CLD "discipline" and requests he be posted with them in 1780.

It's entirely plausible that the 3rd CLD were using a Prussian drill, moreover it's highly likely and in my opinion the best choice, currently.

Yours,
Daniel Murphy
3dCLD

Текст є авторизованим перекладом лекції Ернста Ґомбріха, вперше опублікованої у 2022 році в Journal of Art Historiography. У лекції автор досліджує те, як історія мистецтва викладається і має викладатися в академіях мистецтв. Він також розглядає упередження щодо історії як дисципліни та недоліки традиційних способів її викладання. Наприкінці Ґомбріх узагальнює власні погляди на цю тему та пропонує можливі актуальні шляхи викладання історії мистецтва.

Um momento de idealização do Antigo Regime foi fundamental no Romantismo espanhol, especialmente naquele pensado por eclesiásticos. Isso foi sentido como algo particularmente urgente em virtude das pressões derivadas dos tipos de relação entre igreja e Estado encontradiços durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Neste artigo, investigam-se impactos disso nas percepções e propostas acerca da escravidão e do tráfico de escravos, assim como aspectos do impacto daqueles posicionamentos na América Latina e no Brasil, onde os problemas ligados à escravidão e à relação entre Igreja e Estado eram ainda mais candentes.