17th Century History

The anonymous, pseudo-autobiographical novel Estebanillo González, hombre de buen humor (1646) is one of the chronologically latest and among the most widely read examples of the Spanish picaresque in the seventeenth century. This controversial work has been characterized as both the exhaustion of the picaresque and its culmination. Narrated by Estebanillo, whose diminutive name reflects both his small stature and slight social status, the novel takes the form of a corrosively satirical buffoon’s memoir that unfolds primarily against the backdrop of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). From his first deployment as part of a Mediterranean naval expedition at the age of 13, to his long-dreamed retirement to Naples as the proprietor of a licensed gambling house, Estebanillo holds a variety of positions ancillary to the Spanish military institution. From his posts as army cook and court jester, Estebanillo is able to swindle, trick, entertain, and finally persuade his masters to support him financially. The resulting text, he claims, is meant to honor his patron General Ottavio Piccolomini, the Duke of Amalfi, and to bring pleasure to the Spanish nobility of the Low Countries. Linguistically complex and highly entertaining, Estebanillo has been claimed by scholars as a detailed account of court life and military campaigns in the period, as well as a sourcebook for the lexicon particular to Spanish Flanders. Likewise, it has been read as a sophisticated meditation on the horrors of war. This chapter provides an overview of the debates on Estebanillo’s authorship and subsequent questions regarding the text’s status as fiction or autobiography, and situates the work in the related literary contexts of early modern military life writing and the picaresque novel. Finally, the chapter traces the novel’s chiaroscuro aesthetic – the dramatic interplay of light and shadow, humor and horror – in the life story of Estebanillo the professional buffoon.

Felső-Magyarország a reformáció kezdetétől a Magyar Királyság több nemzetiségű (magyar, német és szlovák) evangélikusságának egyik bástyájának számított, amelyen belül Sáros vármegye; illetve a vármegye területén található szabad királyi városok, mint Eperjes, Bártfa, vagy Kisszeben jelentős evangélikus lakossággal bírtak, így a vármegye ma Eperjes-Alsebesen őrzött levéltárában is sok evangélikus vonatkozású irat található. Ezek közül most egy olyan Bártfán íródott levelet kívánok bemutatni, amelynek egyháztörténeti jelentőségét az adja, hogy ez a Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház egyik első világi vezetőjének, Szirmay Miklósnak, az 1707. évi rózsahegyi zsinaton megválasztott egyik főkonzisztóriumi elnök gyászjelentése, aki a Thököly-felkelés és Rákóczi-szabadságharc idején is, mint tekintélyes protestáns köznemesi politikus, jelentős szerepet játszott a protestánsok szabadságjogaiért az 1670-es évektől 1711-ig vívott küzdelmekben.

Among the manuscript papers and letters of Leibniz (1646-1716) that are preserved chiefly at the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library in Hanover, Germany, and are being published in the context of the Leibniz Academy Edition, there are a number of documents relating to the Jacobite War in Ireland of 1689-91. The intention of this paper is to direct attention to and discuss these items, consisting of a series of passages in Leibniz's political and historical correspondence and a hitherto unnoticed eye-witness account of the Battle of the Boyne. The former, paraphrased in English, are incorporated in the text, whereas the latter is given in full translation.

Die Erfahrung als Ursprung unserer Ideen. John Lockes Erkenntnistheorie - Lecture held at the Volkshochschule Meidling, Vienna within the Programme UMP-University Meets Public, 18th May 2011. An diesem Abend werden einige Aspekte von Lockes Werk „Versuch über den menschlichen Verstand“ analysiert. Lockes Kritik am Innatismus, die Analyse der Erfahrung, die Untersuchung über den Ursprung der Ideen unseres Intellektes werden erläutert.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el texto autobiográfico de Uriel da Costa a la luz de los procesos de conversión y partiendo de su caso: una familia criptojudía en Portugal y su transición a sefardíes en el Ámsterdam del siglo XVII. Mediante un análisis crítico del texto, se estudia el punto de encuentro entre las dos religiones monoteístas, así como el conflicto entre la lucha identitaria de judío revertido del cristianismo y los sefardíes de la comunidad. En Exemplar Humanae Vitae, da Costa empleaba motivos barrocos y perspectivas antropocéntricas para cuestionar el lugar del hombre frente a su entorno. Por ello, se trata de uno de los textos autobiográficos más reveladores, en el que se refleja esta milenaria dicotomía entre iglesia y sinagoga. palabras clave: Uriel da Costa, conversión, identidad sefardí, judaísmo, barroco

A pandemia provocada pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, responsável pela doença Covid-19, levou à adoção de sucessivas medidas para tentar minimizar a sua propagação. Como sabemos, ao longo de cerca de dois anos, a saúde esteve, antes de mais, na agenda pessoal de cada um de nós, bem como nas agendas sanitária, política, mediática e, também, académica. Ainda que o contexto pudesse parecer pouco favorável à realização de um evento científico, considerámos que seria um bom momento para analisar o tema da saúde, desde a ótica das pequenas cidades ao longo do tempo.
Este livro resulta de uma seleção dos trabalhos apresentados e debatidos no Colóquio Pequenas Cidades e Saúde, realizado online nos dias 6, 7 e 8 de maio de 2021. Os textos apresentados incluem abordagens muito diversas no seu espectro cronológico, desde a Idade Média à Época Contemporânea, e nos seus métodos, por diferentes áreas de investigação histórica.
O volume oferece assim o que consideramos ser uma perspectiva atualizada sobre a problemática da saúde desde os pequenos núcleos urbanos incluindo reflexões sobre as políticas e estruturas de saúde pública, os processos de mudança e adaptação, a gestão de recursos e a sua materialidade, o papel dos governos locais e a sua interação com o poder central, e ainda reflexões sobre as respostas urbanas em tempos de epidemia

St. Michael’s Fortress is the oldest existing historical monument in the city of Šibenik, with archaeological
findings ranging from prehistory up until today. Various external fortifications were built from 15th to 17th
century around the medieval castle, giving the fortress its irregular shape. One of its peripheral structures –
for many years unrecognized as a part of the fortress – is located on the northwestern slopes. Archaeological
excavations at this position began in late 2017, and after three campaigns it became clear that this was a
distinct (albeit a small) tower, a proto-bastion for early handguns. It was constructed in the late 15th century
to flank the existing ramparts (strada di soccorso) leading from the fortress to the sea. Archival research
did not uncover the exact date of construction or the original term by which the structure was called,
and following the examples or structures of the same period, the research team chose to designate it as
a spur (It. sperone), or in local vernacular – ‘špirun’. A publication of scientific paper (available online
on Croatian scientific database) in mid-2019 was followed by several public presentations and walks.
At the same time, a restoration project was made as the western wall of the spur was estimated to be
seriously impaired. After the completion and the approval of the restoration project, the construction works
partly financed by the Croatian Ministry of Culture and Media were finally carried out from November
2021 to April 2022. This entire process, which included detection, archaeological and historical analysis,
publication and presentation of research, interdisciplinary discussion and agreement on the methods of
restoration and the subsequent use, and finally the implementation of the restoration project, is perhaps a
good example of how the fortification heritage in Croatia should be treated in the future.

Count Mansfeld built his castle « La Fontaine » between 1563 and 1604. Some views showing this Renaissance palace are well known and have been studied and published before.
A smaller view called "T’huys van Mansfeld and De Pyramide" has been rather ignored by recent Mansfeld studies. It is obvious that it has been inspired by the iconic engraving published by Braun and Hogenberg in 1598.
According to Jacques Mersch, this view was published in a 1616 Latin edition of Lodovico Guicciardini’s classic book "Descrittione Di Tutti I Paesi Bassi". In fact, it has been sold as an extra for this Latin edition but has been also published before in 1613 in a French edition by the same editor.
The view as such does not bring any new knowledge concerning Mansfeld’s castle. Its importance lies in the fact that the engraving was published in the beginning of the 17th century in a European bestseller and that it ensured Mansfeld castle’s reputation as a hot spot for antique loving travellers.

Cette synthèse superbement illustrée est rédigée par une trentaine de spécialistes belges et étrangers sous la direction de Paul Jansssens. Tous remettent en cause la réputation catastrophique des Pays-Bas espagnols. En dépit des guerres incessantes, le XVIIe siècle n'est pas une période de malheurs. Il n'est pas non plus celui d'une domination étrangère: jamais les notables n'ont joui d'une plus large autonomie au niveau local et provincial. Il n'est pas d'avantage celui d'une stagnation culturelle, tout au contraire. Il est, enfin, marqué par le développement d'un nouvel Etat dont l'identité s'oppose à celle des Provinces-Unies et de la France, et dont la survie est commandée par les exigences de l'équilibre européen.

Officially established in 1592, the Misericórdia of Abiul, an institution with very modest resources, may have actually been created at an earlier date, even before having requested and obtained a royal charter, which, if this is to be confirmed, represents a similar reality to the one recorded in several counterparts. A reference in an 18th century handwritten genealogy work to a legacy it had received in 1591 raised doubts on the subject and called for the writing of this article which, by cross-checking the information from that source with information raised in other documentary collections, with emphasis on parish registers and the priestly ordination processes of natives of that parish, aims at improving the knowledge on the early days of this brotherhood, extinguished in the second half of the 19th century and which does not have its own archive.

Neste artigo, estudam-se alguns pedidos de esmola dirigidos na Páscoa de 1758 a D. José I, rei de Portugal. Entre as diversas formas que os pobres tinham, na época, de obter auxílio, encontrava-se a solicitação, por escrito, de uma esmola, quer a Misericórdias, quer a outras confrarias, quer a particulares poderosos, nomeadamente membros da família real. Esses pedidos eram frequentemente atendidos positivamente, uma vez que a ajuda aos desvalidos da fortuna integrava o arquétipo do bom cristão da época e, por outro lado, visava, por parte de quem esmolava, alcançar a vida eterna, surgindo a caridade e a assistência como complementos de outras formas de intercessão salvífica, nomeadamente a celebração de missas e a instituição de capelas.  

Este texto parte da premissa de que a saúde e a assistência foram assumidas pela coroa portuguesa, especialmente desde o reinado de D. Manuel I, como questões da governação, com múltiplos propósitos, inclusive de organização do território enquanto espaço físico e social. Das diferentes vertentes que integraram esse processo, abordam-se as da regulação das formações em saúde (empíricas e académicas), a reforma dos hospitais, a fundação das misericórdias e a provisão de cuidados médicos às populações mais pobres. Dentre estas, dar-se-á particular atenção aos curadores oficiais e sua relação com os hospitais e as misericórdias, a partir de duas interrogações: pode a oferta de recursos em saúde e de assistência ser incluída nos critérios definidores de centro urbano? Vislumbram-se, no tempo em apreço, políticas específicas para incentivar/impor solidariedades regionais entre localidades com diferentes capacidades de recrutamento de agentes de saúde? Como fonte documental, privilegia-se a informação constante numa base de dados composta, entre outros elementos, por registos de agentes de saúde que operaram em Portugal e no império desde os finais do século XV até às primeiras décadas do século XIX.

At the end of the fifteenth century, the town of Bártfa (Bardejov, Bartfeld) pursued a major case for the possession of an extremely valuable vineyard on the Hegyalja. The opponent of the town in the case, which dragged on for a decade, was a rich and influential burgher of Kassa called George Swarcz. The case would be anything but exceptional in itself, for a lot of similar conflicts are known from the period. What makes it remarkable is the huge amount of documents, surviving for the most part in the town archives of Bártfa, which enables us to follow the process closely and thus to reconstruct the events down to the most insignificant details. By far the most interesting piece of the documentation is a pair of registers which record the costs that the people of Bártfa spent on the litigation over a period of ten years. These lists make it possible to track all the costs and challenges that the pursuit of such a case involved. Since hardly any similar sources survive from the Middle Ages, the values of the two registers can hardly be overestimated.

Este trabalho centra-se no percurso de Soares Franco, médico, deputado vintista e autor do primeiro projecto de Regulamento de Saúde Pública feito em Portugal, como forma de estudar a política portuguesa de saúde pública na sua relação com o Estado, no período entre as invasões francesas e o fim do triénio vintista.
De que forma é que a actividade de Soares Franco se relacionou com o desenvolvimento e reforço do Estado administrativo? O objectivo deste trabalho é, ao procurar responder a esta pergunta, contribuir para a compreensão da forma como as estruturas de saúde pública e o Estado se relacionaram no período entre as invasões francesas e o triénio vintista.
Utiliza-se o método biográfico “externo”. As fontes estudadas são as obras publicadas de Francisco Soares Franco, as suas intervenções parlamentares durante o triénio vintista e documentação da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa relativa à Instituição Vacínica.
O trabalho explora cinco vertentes dessa relação: a saúde como direito ou dever; a transição entre Estado de polícia e Estado administrativo; continuidade ou ruptura entre o Antigo Regime absolutista e o Estado liberal; qual o papel desejado pelos reformistas da saúde pública para o Estado; e as formas de afirmação do poder médico.
Veremos que a transição entre o Antigo Regime e o Estado liberal assinala também a evolução do Estado de polícia para um Estado administrativo, em que a saúde, vista primeiro como um objectivo pelo mercantilismo e depois como um direito pela revolução, assume progressivamente o carácter de dever social. Por outro lado, a ruptura política entre o absolutismo e o Estado liberal não foi acompanhada por um fenómeno equivalente ao nível da saúde pública, em que tanto objectivos como métodos (e pessoal) se mantiveram sem mudanças significativas. O Estado sonhado pela utopia revolucionária, garante do bem estar dos cidadãos, também não aconteceu. A corporação médica soube utilizar a sua nova credibilidade científica, trazida por descobertas como a vacina de Jenner, para assumir posições preponderantes e de controlo na estrutura administrativa da saúde pública e, de uma forma geral, no espaço público.
Reformista desiludido com o absolutismo, o objectivo de Soares Franco era resolver a “decadência da Nação”, aumentar as “subsistências” e promover o aumento da população. Isso passava, entre outras coisas, por “conservar a saúde pública dos povos”, o que exigiria uma estrutura sanitária e assistencial centralizada, tecnicamente competente e financeiramente equilibrada, livre de “partidos” e “intrigas”. Mas o regulamento de Saúde Pública, a peça mais importante desse projecto, não foi aprovado.

The 1668-9 Cópia da vida de bemaventurado, claiming to be a copy of text written by Manoel Cardoso de Macedo who later adopted the name Abraham Pelengrino (d. 1652), is a unique testimony of an early modern conversion to Judaism, a phenomenon of which few descriptions have survived. The English translation of the Portuguese original presented in this article shows, among others, how such conversions were deeply personal experiences while at the same time served converts’ apologetic needs and, possibly, the Jewish community’s anti-Christian polemics. The essay that introduces the translation addresses questions of authorship, genre, and, focusing on discrepancies between facts described in the text and other sources, explores the Vida as a literary construct.publishedVersio

Este trabalho objetiva refletir sobre os modos pelos quais a representacao da paisagem brasileira em mapas renascentistas constituiu parte do projeto de ordenamento espacial do Brasil colonial, utilizando como fonte quatro mapas produzidos durante o periodo do Brasil Holandes e publicados no Atlas Maior (1665): Os mapas escolhidos sao Praefectura de Ciriji Vel Seregipe Del Rey Cum Itapuama, Praefecturae Paranambucae Pars Meridionalis, Praefecturae Paranambucae Pars Borealis, Uma Cum Praefecturae De Itâmaracâ; Praefectura De Paraiba Et Rio Grande, publicados pela primeira vez em 1647. Os mapas escolhidos para a analise foram elaborados pelo cartografo George Marcgraff, contem gravuras do pintor Frans Post, e se reunidos compoe o mapa mural Brasilia Qua Part e Paret Belgis. O conceito central da discussao e a paisagem, entendida de duas maneiras distintas: a paisagem enquanto fenomeno, referente ao espaco vivido e a experiencia dos sujeitos envolvidos com a producao dos mapas, e a pai...

Rozpoznanie dawnych księgozbiorów to jeden z istotniejszych obszarów badań historycznobibliologicznych. Znaczącą część tego rodzaju kolekcji stanowią biblioteki parafialne. Do podstawowych źródeł w badaniach nad nimi należą akta wizytacyjne, rejestrujące książki będące na stanie parafii. Tego rodzaju dokumentacja wizytacji generalnych z XVIII i początku XIX w. w diecezji chełmskiej, dekanacie chełmskim, pokazuje księgozbiory parafialne w Czułczycach, Kumowie, Olchowcu, Orchówku, Pawłowie, Sawinie, Sosnowicy, Świerżem, Uhrusku i Wereszczynie. Biblioteki te są zróżnicowane zarówno pod względem liczebności, jak i zawartości treściowej. W każdej z nich są obecne książki pro offi cio ecclesiastico, natomiast teksty pro docendo populo występują w parafi ach większych i lepiej uposażonych. Pochodzą one zazwyczaj z darów, stąd też znajdują się wśród nich dzieła niekoniecznie przydatne do pracy duszpasterskiej proboszczów. Są wytworami polskich i zagranicznych warsztatów drukarskich i pochod...

In this study of article, the personal life of Aphra Behn, literary way of Aphra Behn and her importance as the first woman who is known to earn her life by writing are presented. Influence of the novella “Oroonoko” to the all people to the any time is examined. The era in which Aphra Behn lived, The Restoration Era, and The Restoration Literature are examined. Rise of racism and development of racism, history of racism are examined. The sentences that implies racism on the book “Oroonoko” by Aphra Behn are discussed and compared with the sentences that implies racism on the book “The Color Purple” by Alice Walker. The reader can get enough knowledge about the comparison of racism in different times. Pretty enough knowledge about slavery, slavery trade and history of them are provided to the reader. Citations about slavery from the book “Oroonoko” are presented to the reader. And on the part of conclusion, Racism and slavery are summarized under the light of The Restoration Era.

El Memorial de 1680, elevado ante el Honrado Concejo de la Mesta por las ciudades de la Provincia de Extremadura con representación en Cortes, constituye un eslabón más en el largo contencioso que mantuvieron a lo largo de la Edad Moderna ambas instituciones. Antesala de los Memoriales del reformismo ilustrado, en él se advierten los puntos de fricción que enfrentaron durante siglos a extremeños y trashumantes. Alumbra las tensiones existentes en torno a la propiedad de la tierra y sus usos y aprovechamientos, que se manifiestan en las disputas entre propietarios de ganados riberiegos y trashumantes, señores de dehesas y campesinos, pequeños y grandes ganaderos, ganaderos y propietarios de yerbas y perceptores de diezmos, y de estos entre sí.

Abstract
The 1680 Memorial taken before the Honorific Council of the Mesta by villages in Extremadura with representation in court, is one more link in the long trial process which both institutions endured along the Modern Era. A threshold in the Age of Illustration, this work depicts the disputes between Extremadura inhabitants and cattle-herders. Such a work reflects the existing tensions regarding land ownership, manifested in feuds forborne by river cattle owners and nomadic cattle-herders, land manor holders and peasants, bigscale and small-scale cattlemen, cattlemen and herb proprietors.

Valašsko - vlastivědná revue 49, 2022, 2, s. 5–7

The article presents a brief biography of Maximilian Francis of Zierotin (1662–1706), a Moravian nobleman and owner of several estates (Drahanovice, Valašské Meziříčí, Vízmberk), whose life took place on the periphery, away from the glitter of the imperial court or land officialdom. The text is an extract from my bachelor's thesis, which, among other topics, was interested in the nobleman's life and activities (https://theses.cz/id/4pcn5c/).

The topic of this study is the literary work of Lion Feuchtwanger. The study explicitly covers the works dating from the author's years of exile in the United States of America, years which corresponded with the existence of the Third Reich and the Second World War, as well as the author's opposition to imperialism and communism during the Cold War. The study presumes that Lion Feuchtwanger did not consider his stay in exile as uncomfortable as returning to his home country of Germany or even to Europe would have been. It seems that he was able to enjoy some years of tranquility in his California villa despite nagging issues: he was monitored by the American authorities because of his pro-communist beliefs and it was not easy to sustain his German language readership. Works like "The Lautensack Brothers" (1943), "Foxes in the Vineyard" (1946), "Goya" (1951), " 'Tis Folly to Be Wise, Or, Death and Transfiguration of Jean-Jacques Rousseau...

A Rákóczi-szabadságharc egyik fontos felső-magyarországi hadművelete volt 1703–1704 folyamán a stratégiai jelentőségű kereskedelmi és kézműipari központoknak, Kassa és Eperjes szabad királyi városainak kuruc blokádja. Az 1704 késő őszéig elhúzódó ostromzárak története talán kevésbé feldolgozott, mint Szatmár 1703–1704. évi ostroma, holott e két város császári helyőrsége sokáig képes volt sikeresen és szívósan ellenállni az ostromlóknak. A városokat végül Forgách Simon tábornagy főparancsnoksága idején sikerült bevenni, aki ezt a sikert magának tulajdonította, amint az Forgách emlékiratának fenti idézett részleteiből is kitűnik. Ugyanakkor ehhez hozzájárult elődje, csicseri Orosz Pál tevékenysége is, mivel még az ő főparancsnoksága alatt, 1704 nyarának vége felé indultak meg a Kassa és Eperjes kapitulációjáról szóló tárgyalások.
A blokád idején keletkezett, Zemplén Vármegye Levéltárából származó, Sátoraljaújhelyen őrzött iratokat bemutató forrásközlemény-sorozat jelen harmadik része az 1704 őszi–téli időszakkal foglalkozik, amelyben bemutatásra kerül a hadművelet befejező szakasza, valamint néhány ebből az időszakból származó irat. E források részben a két város kapitulációjával és az ostromzároló kuruc hadak ellátásával, részben az ezt követő hadműveletek előkészítésével, ezen belül is a Zemplén vármegyén keresztül Szatmár, illetve Erdély irányába tartó kuruc csapatmozgásokkal, az átvonuló egységek ellátásával, továbbá a térségben tartózkodó, vagy innen kiegészített kuruc ezredek fegyelmi problémáival foglalkoznak. Az iratok rávilágítanak arra, hogy a háború, valamint azon belül az egyes hadműveletek nem csak a frontvonal közvetlen közelére, de a távolabbi térségekre is hatást gyakoroltak, mivel a háborús helyzet mind a vármegyei hatóságok, mind a lakosság számára kötelezettségekkel járt (pl. a saját harcoló, vagy éppen a kapitulált ellenséges csapatok ellátása,  továbbá a hadsereg kiegészítésnek biztosítása). Így az egykorú dokumentumok szélesebb rálátást biztosítanak a szabadságharc eseményeire, megmutatva, hogy a háború milyen társadalmi–gazdasági hatásokkal járt egy-egy régió életére.