10. Flexible manufacturing systems

Low-power laser scanning techniques provide a powerful tool for a diverse range of automatic inspection tasks. They are more suitable for high component feed rates, less sensitive to changes in ambient lighting and their output requires less processing power than CCD vision systems. In earlier papers, the authors have described typical automotive-related areas of application for laser scanning. The current paper describes recent work concerned with data capture and signal
processing techniques necessary for fully automatic inspection systems with particular reference metal cutting machine tools.

Computers have a direct impact on our lives nowadays. Human's interaction with the computer has modified with the passage of time as improvement in technology occurred the better the human computer interaction became. Today we are facilitated by the operating system that has reduced all the complexity of hardware and we undergo our computation in a very convenient way irrespective of the process occurring at the hardware level. Though the human computer interaction has improved but it's not done yet. If we come to the future the computer's role in our lives would be a lot more rather our life would be of the artificial intelligence. In our future the biggest resource would be component of time and wasting time for a key board entry or a mouse input would be unbearable so the need would be of the computer interaction environment that along with the complexity reduction also minimizes the time wastage in the human computer interaction. Accordingly in our future the computation would also be increased it would not be a simple operating system limited to a computer it would be computers managing our entire life activities hence fall out of domain of present computers electronic based architecture .In this research paper we propose a model that shall be meeting the future human computer interaction needs possessing linguistic human computer interference environment based on surface technology, automation and photonic computing, which would be reliable, efficient and quicker satisfying all the future artificial intelligence pre requisites.

Flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a centrally controlled manufacturing unit consisting of numerically controlled machine tools and material handling equipment. Selection of an appropriate FMS is a complicated task as it involves huge capital investment. Due to tough competition in the globalised market, decisions regarding these investments become crucial for the survival of any manufacturing industry. Decision for selection of an FMS is observed to be based on numerous conflicting tangible and intangible criteria. In this paper, the application of measuring attractiveness by a categorical-based evaluation technique (MACBETH) is illustrated by solving two real time FMS selection problems. In this method, semantic scales are used for pair-wise comparison of performance of the alternatives and also to determine the criteria weights. Further, each category of semantic scales is converted to normalised quantitative values and ranking of FMS alternatives is obtained by the weighted mean method. Even though, MACBETH method is well known for qualitative performance measures, it is also capable to deal with quantitative performance measures. The derived FMS rankings are observed to be quite satisfactory and well acceptable to the decision makers. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Karande, P. and Chakraborty, S. (2013) 'Evaluation and selection of flexible manufacturing systems using MACBETH method', Int.

An effective monitoring of the air quality in an urban environment requires the capability
to measure polluting gas concentrations in the low-ppb range, a limit so far virtually
neglected in most of the novel carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors, as they are usually
tested against pollutant concentrations in the ppm range. We present low-cost gas sensors
based on single-walled CNT (SWCNT) layers prepared on plastic substrates and operating
at room temperature, displaying a high sensitivity to [NH3]. Once combined with the low
noise, the high sensitivity allowed us to reach an ammonia detection limit of 13 ppb. This
matches the requirements for ammonia monitoring in the environment, disclosing the
possibility to access the ppt detection limit. Furthermore, a blend of SWCNT bundle layers
with indium-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles resulted in a threefold sensitivity increase with
respect to pristine CNT for concentrations above 200 ppb. Finally, the peculiar response of
the ITO-SWCNT blend to water vapor provides a way to tailor the sensor selectivity with
respect to the relevant interfering effects of humidity expected in outdoor environmental
monitoring.

شاعران سبک آذربايجاني، علاوه بر نقش مهمي که در تغييرات سبکي و روي کار آمدن مختصات جديد سبکي در شعر داشتند، آراء و ديدگاه هاي خود را در ارتباط با شعر و شاعري و حتي نقد ادبي در بين آثار و توليدات ادبي خود مطرح کرده اند.
اين مقاله به طرح و بررسي اين نظريات اختصاص دارد.

1. One mode in which adsorbents are used is to strip low level contaminants like DNA from a product solution. No other solution components are negatively charged at the operating pH for the column. a) If an anion exchanger is used for this purpose, calculate the total bed capacity for DNA given these parameters: bed volume = 2 liters, Stot = 2 mglml, Keq = 2 mVmg, and DNA concentration = 5 JJ.g/ml. b) Analyze the bed capacity for the same condition except that the DNA concentration is 100 J.!g/ml. 2. A production engineer is desired to scale up the throughput by a factor of 150 for a linear gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) of a product protein from the laboratory to the plant. The conditions for the laboratory chromatography are as the following: 1.0 em bed diameter (ID) x 20 em bed height, 20 J.liD. particle size, and 30 cm/h superficial velocity. The particle size of the same type of ion exchange resin available for the plant operation is 40 JJ.m. Two columns are available in the plant: one column 14.0 em diameter (ID) x 50 em high, and another column 18.0 em QD) x 50 em high. The viscosity of the mobile phase is 1.0 cP, and the void fraction for resin in the plant column is 0.33. a) Develop a scale-up of plant-sized column ion exchange chromatography in terms of its inlet flow rate, Q and column volwne, V. b) Analyze which one of available plant column is suitable to be used if the resolution of the chromatography is to be kept constant. c) From the plant column which you have selected in part c(ii) above, estimate the pressure drop by determining the resin bed height and superficial velocity.

Flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is one of the instances in flexible manufacturing systems. It is
considered as a very complex to control. Hence generating a control system for this problem domain is
difficult. FJSP inherits the job-shop scheduling problem characteristics. It has an additional decision level to
the sequencing one which allows the operations to be processed on any machine among a set of available
machines at a facility. In this article, we present Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm with Harmony Search for
solving the flexible job shop scheduling problem. It is based on the new harmony improvised from results
obtained by artificial fish swarm algorithm. This improvised solution is sent to comparison to an overall best
solution. When it is the better one, it replaces with the artificial fish swarm solution from which this solution
was improvised. Meanwhile the best improvised solutions are carried over to the Harmony Memory. The
objective is to minimize a total completion time (makespan) and to make the proposed approach as a portion
of the expert and the intelligent scheduling system for remanufacturing decision support. Harmony search
algorithm has demonstrated to be efficient, simple and strong optimization algorithm. The ability of
exploration in any optimization algorithm is one of the key points. The obtained optimization results show
that the proposed algorithm provides better exploitation ability and enjoys fast convergence to the optimum
solution. As well, comparisons with the original artificial fish swarm algorithm demonstrate improved
efficiency.

Teknologi informasi (TI) turut berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan peradaban manusia. Perkembangan teknologi informasi meliputi perkembangan infrastruktur TI, seperti hardware, software, teknologi penyimpanan data (storage), dan teknologi komunikasi (Laudon, 2006: 174). Perkembangan TI tidak hanya mempengaruhi dunia bisnis, tetapi juga bidang-bidang lain, seperti kesehatan, pendidikan, pemerintahan, dan lain-lain. Kemajuan TI juga berpengaruh signifikan pada perkembangan akuntansi. Perkembangan akuntansi akibat kemajuan teknologi terjadi dalam tiga babak, yaitu era bercocok tanam, era industri, dan era informasi. Peranan TI terhadap perkembangan akuntansi pada tiap-tiap babak berbeda-beda. Semakin maju TI semakin banyak pengaruhnya pada bidang akuntansi. Perkembangan teknologi informasi, terutama pada era informasi berdampak signifikan terhadap sistem informasi akuntansi (SIA) dalam suatu perusahaan. Dampak yang dirasakan secara nyata adalah pemrosesan data yang mengalami perubahan dari sistem manual ke sistem komputer. Di samping itu, pengendalian intern dalam SIA serta peningkatan jumlah dan kualitas informasi dalam pelaporan keuangan juga akan terpengaruh. Perkembangan akuntansi yang menyangkut SIA berbasis komputer dalam menghasilkan laporan keuangan akan mempengaruhi praktik pengauditan.

Menurut prof. Sartono Kartodirjo filsafat sejarah adalah adalah suatu bagian filsafat yang berusaha memberikan jawaban terhadap pernyataan mengenai makna dari suatu proses peristiwa sejarah.manusia budaya tidak puas dengan pengetahuan sejarah,dicarinya makna yang menguasai kejadian-kejadian sejarah.dicarinya hubungan fakta-fakta dan sampai kepada asal dan tujuannya.kekuatan apakah yang akan menggerakkan sejarah kearah tujuannya.
Filsafat sejarah mencari penjelasan serta berusaha masukke dalam pikiran dan cita-cita manusia dan memberikan keterangan tentang bagaimana munculnya suatu Negara,bagaimana proses perkembangan kebudayaannyasampai mencapai pncak kejayaannya dan akhirnya mengalami kemunduran seperti yang dialami oeh Negara – Negara adi daya (adi kuasa ) pada masa lampau disertai pemimpin-pemimpin terkenal sebagai subjek pembuat sejarah pada zamannya.
Jadi filsafat sejarah adalah ilmu filsafat yang ingin memberikan jawaban atas sebab dan alasan segala peristiwa sejarah.lebih jelasnya, filsafat sejarah salah satu bagian filsafat yang ingin menyelidiki sebab-sebab terakhir dari suatu peristiwa, seta ingin memberikan jawaban atas sebab dan alasan semua peristiwa sejarah.

Kata Kunci : Tokoh-Tokoh, Filsafat, Sejarah

A. Pendahuluan
Filsafat sejarah sebagaimana dikatakan oleh sejarawan Indonesia Sartono Kartodirjo adalah suatu bagian dari filsafat yang mencari makna dari suatu peristiwa sejarah. Maka dari pendapat tersebut saya sebagai penulis mengharapkan dengan tulisan ini semoga para pembaca dapat menganalisis peristiwa sejarah nasional, daerah ataupun yang terjadi disekitar kita  dan dapat menemukan sebab dan alasan dari peristiwa tersebut.
Penulis mengharapkan agar tulisan ini  bisa bermanfaat bagi penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya yang mempunyai kesamaan tentang isi dan kajiannya. Penelitian ini dibimbing Oleh Bapak Lalu Murdi M.Pd. suatu kehormatan bagi penulis, jika ada kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun dari pembaca guna mengahasilkan karya tulis yang lebih baik lagi.

“ kelemahan datangnya dari penulis,kesempurnaan hanya milik Allah SWT”

Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering.

A field experiment was carried out under water-can irrigation at JUCAVM garden to investigate the effects of three inter row spacing (5cm,10cm&15cm) and two intra row spacing (30cm&40cm). Randomized complete Block design (RCBD) with three replication was used on growth and yield of haricot bean. The result showed that inter and intra row spacing when combined had significant effect on plant height, number of branch per plant, pod length, number of seed per pod, Biomass and yields of haricot bean. But have no effect on number of pod per plants. Generally the spacing of f 10cm between plant (inter row) and 30cm between row (intra row) had produced highest grain yield per unit ar ea.

Abstract
Calculating the area of a circle has become a thorn on the flesh to most students especially pupils at Besease Basic Eight. Simply because it was taught theoretical instead of practical.
This action research was carried out in Besease D/A Junior High School in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrim Municipal of the Central region during one year period of teaching practice as part of the course of Diploma in Basic Education Certificate. The main purpose of the study was to design and use circular card to improve the teaching and learning of an area of a circle at Besease Basic Eight. Data was collected and analysed. This was to get a clear picture of the problem under study and so to be able to design the appropriate intervention strategies to solve the problem.
During the course of carrying out this study, various outstanding findings emerged as causes that impeded upon pupils inability to calculate the area of a circle. Out of the findings the researcher came out with some recommendations to all who matter in education especially teachers and parents.

Telah dilakukan percobaan yang berjudul voltameter. Tujuan dilakukannya percobaaan ini adalah untuk mengetahui keseksamaan dari penunjukkan jarum pada amperemeter dengan voltamener tembaga. Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan prinsip elektrolisis, hukum I Faraday dan hukum II Faraday.